Manchester had the largest of the Arndale Centres. It symbolised the economic history of Manchester and included a representation of a capstan from the Manchester Ship Canal. The Arndale Centre, in Headingley, Leeds, in April 2011. [70][77] Trade increased in the early 1980s, though GMC policy against development and for retaining the relative importance of the retail centres remained. [76], Stocks argues that these factors lay behind the Greater Manchester County Council's strategic view that the county had too much retail capacity. On his track the N. W. R. A. on The Fall's 1980 album Grotesque (After the Gramme), Manchester singer Mark E. Smith described the destruction of the Arndale as part of an apocalyptic 'future rising' of the North. 1979. Springwood's Arndale Shopping Centre has changed hands for the first time in more than 20 years in a $35.5 million deal and its new owners have big plans for a major … [38] Moran (in 2006) called it a "maze of characterful streets". The area consisted of mostly Victorian buildings built on an old layout of winding streets, manky alleys and dingy open courts – all interspersed with dirty warehouses and dilapidated office buildings. In quantitative terms, while in 1961 Manchester's retail spend was 3.7 times that of the next biggest shopping area in the conurbation, by 1971 this had fallen to 2.8 times.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. It was redeveloped in 1996, after being badly damaged in an IRA bombing, and the centre has been owned by Prudential since December 1998. The best thing I remember though is the brilliant Warner Bros. Store that opened in 1991 – quickly becoming the jewel in the Arndale’s crown. The Arndale had been razed, [28] Manchester corporation compulsorily purchased a further 8 acres (3 ha) of property in 1970[29] using money raised by selling land outside the city bought for overspill housing. [32][33] Pevsner, writing in 1969 when clearance was imminent, found nothing of note. I remember being dragged around a maze-like market bit by my mam that seemingly only sold net curtains, as well as eating a Happy Meal in a rather vile McDonalds up on the top floor somewhere. A bomb that pretty much destroyed a whole side of the centre and prompted its biggest and most substantial refurbishment. [103] Over the next two to three years, the northern half of the centre was completely rebuilt and extended. A light extravaganza. Ailith Harley-Roberts: The Leeds-based Down Syndrome charity, Sunshine & Smiles, has now opened a new gallery & coffee shop, 21 Co, in Headingley Central/Arndale … [94] The poet Lemn Sissay wrote, The Arndale Centre was always just the Arndale Centre. Shortly after the end of World War II, Arnold Hagenbach, a baker with a talent for property investment, and Sam Chippendale, an estate agent from Otley, set up a company called the Arndale Property Trust, the name being a portmanteau of "Arnold" and "Chippendale". But it was around this time that two blokes had an idea, an idea that would bring a little ray of sunshine into everyone’s lives – especially in the ‘grim North’. In fact, the shopping centre was built in the 1970s to replacing a warren of streets, squares and courts, remnants of a much older street network largely unchanged since the 1700s. A big emergency service presence was called in and the road was closed off. The Manchester Corporation Act 1965 was passed after the report and closed most of them. Found insideIts evolvement into Manchester's creative hub came following the erection of the locally derided shopping mall, the Arndale Centre, which was built in the 1970s. With businesses clamouring to secure space within it and on nearby Market ... Shortly after opening the large branch, the building was split into two independent shops. Found insideIt is not literally true– it is what locals disparagingly call the Arndale Shopping Centre, built in the seventies.The structure would beugly enough if it were set down on the outskirtsof any American town, but here in the midst of what ... Taylor, Evans, & Fraser (1996), p. 110–1. "Eventually, all the buildings of the area – good, bad and indifferent – are replaced with chain stores, supermarkets and blocks of flats devoid of all distinction, and all looking alike. 194–5, 209–12. [30], The area was a patchwork of mostly Victorian buildings on a 17th and 18th century layout of streets, alleys, and courts. From having houses on the roof and a bus station underneath, to the shiny extension that houses the largest branches of Next in Europe, Manchester Arndale has changed … In fact, most people pretty much despised … When it opened in 1979, much of the huge Arndale Shopping … Found inside – Page 190In 2001 , this figure had fallen to Weston Favell , three miles from the centre of 20.8 per cent , compared with a ... and Scrivener . released former industrial sites for development and Like the Arndale Centres built in other parts of ... Home to a dazzling array of food vendors, the Food Market is exceptional; offering up a massive choice of cuisines from Vietnamese at Viet Shack, Greek at Zorbas, Mexican at Pancho’s and even Canadian at Blue Caribou Canteen. [31], Neither Stewart's The Stones of Manchester (1956) nor Sharp et al. 's survey Manchester Buildings (1966) describe the area or any buildings in particular. The universally hated tiles were made by an Altrincham company and were described at the time as being “bile yellow”, “vomit coloured” and now by me as “‘effing awful”. Market Street was bridged by a mall, Knightsbridge and later Voyager Bridge. In fact, most people pretty much despised it. The Arndale Property Trust, formed in the early 1950s, took its name from its founders, Arnold Hagenbach and Sam Chippindale. Construction began in 1995. The corporation used compulsory purchase orders to speed redevelopment at the bomb-damaged Market Place (between the Corn Exchange and the Royal Exchange—the development has since been demolished), at the CIS buildings, and at Piccadilly. Whether it is ugly or not is a purely subjective opinion. The first opened in Jarrow, County Durham, in 1961, as a pedestrianised shopping area. [86] P & O decided to refurbish Knightsbridge (the bridge over Market Street) and double the rents. Found inside – Page 93As if this were not bad enough, Smithfields Market was relocated to the outskirt of Manchester in the 1970s, at about which time the Arndale Centre was built. The effect was to tear the remaining life out of what had been one of the ... There’s also an excellent fishmonger on site, fruit and veg stall and a cracking little pub that serves up some excellent cask ales and ciders. It can be reached by an escalator encased in glass from Market Street, by a lift accessed from the outside of Boots, and from the first floor at the south-western tip of the centre close to Argos and the first-floor entrance to Boots. [4] Manchester Arndale is the largest of the chain of Arndale Centres built across the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Southside opened in 1971 as the Wandsworth Arndale Centre, and was the largest of the UK-wide chain of Arndale Centres with 110 shops. [35] The Guardian, which had offices in Cross Street, wrote in 1976 that Market Street had been "depressing and decaying" for 30 years. Shop staff knocked off their ladders, And we said this would not be attractive". [71] Closures of shops and former textile warehouses comparable to those cleared for the Arndale meant the area quickly became run-down and in Bennison et al. It initially included a mix of shops, offices and restaurants, as well as a market traders hall, although the . The joint company, run by Manchester Corporation, raised £5 million on the stock market[47][48] (a first for a company formed by a local authority), after the Prudential admitted it could not fully fund the project. A palace of Perspex and people. [25] A map used for the 1961 meeting of the British Association shows shops fronting Market Street and Cross Street, with warehousing or office buildings behind. [36][52] Costs reached £46 million by 1976, of which £13 million came from the council. Found insideThe decline of the area, and of the wider Northern Quarter, was compounded later in the decade by the opening of the Arndale Centre. One of Europe's largest shopping centres when built in 1972–9, this might have consolidated the ... The centre has been the heart of the town for over 40 years and was originally called the Arndale Centre because it was built, owned and managed by the Arndale Group. Ailith Harley-Roberts: The Leeds-based Down Syndrome charity, Sunshine & Smiles, has now opened a new gallery & coffee shop, 21 Co, in Headingley Central/Arndale Centre … Jan 12, 2019 Featured Date Built. Found inside – Page 16In all there are approximately 225 shopping centres in the UK that comply with the definition in the 'Shopping centres' ... and London's Oxford Street are the UK's top shopping venues – well ahead of any purpose-built shopping centres. Found inside – Page 28425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 3.3 TOPOGRAPHY 3.3 The A56 splits the town centre into two parts , the old and the new ; for on the side opposite the study area is the Arndale Shopping Centre ( built in 1967 ) with a new bus station ... Found inside – Page 1974140The " city centre map , " first a re - examination of land as a scarce com have now become totally unhinged . ... local There are already 12 Arndale centres in have chosen a highly reactionary stance to authority being involved only ... [98], At about 09:20 on Saturday morning, 15 June 1996, two men parked a 7+1⁄2-long-ton (7.6-tonne) lorry containing a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bomb on Corporation Street between Marks & Spencer and the Arndale. These two blokes were Arnold Hagenbach and Sam Chippindale, one an owner of a chain of baker’s shops, the other an estate agent. Found inside – Page 239The structure was required to contribute to the design excellence of recently constructed bridges within the city ... the width of the bridge had to complement the plan profile of the Marks & Spencer store and Arndale Centre , both ... A sketch in an episode of A Bit Of Fry And Laurie about greetings cards with very specific tailored messages inside features a card with the greeting "Sorry to hear your teeth fell out in the Arndale Centre". Ground-level entrances were at the upper level from High Street and at the lower level from Corporation Street, taking advantage of a slope of about 24 feet (7 m). Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, "Busiest year ever for Manchester Arndale Centre as 41 million pass through doors in 2012", "Manchester charities: do YOU want a full year of fundraising from Manchester Arndale? They quickly spread across the country including two built in … The developers demanded a closed building with little natural light and rejected a more open, roof-lit design. As part of the renovation, most of the tiles have been removed and replaced by sandstone and glass cladding. It opened in stages, with an . [89], The bus station became Manchester's busiest, handling 30,000 passengers and 1,500 bus movements per day by 1991. Yes, from 1981 you could live on top of the Arndale – bedding down in a lovely 2 bedroomed gaff in Cromford Court complete with grassy front garden and stunning views of the yellow tiled Arndale Tower. Arndale bought property north of Market Street in 1952. ... a shopper's heaven on earth. Found inside – Page 15In the 1960s and 1970s, that is, many shopping malls were constructed in UK towns. Examples include the original Bull Ring in Birmingham (1964), the Dolphin Centre in Poole (1969), Luton's Arndale Centre (1972), the Victoria Centre in ... In the first Christmas special episode of The Worst Week of My Life, "The Worst Christmas of my Life", Howard refers to visiting Santa's Grotto at the Arndale Centre. [13] Corporation planners added the land and buildings they owned to those acquired by Arndale to increase the size of the available plot. [54] The tiles, made by Shaw Hathernware,[62] were a deep buff, variously described as "bile yellow",[63] "putty and chocolate" (some parts were brown)[12] and "vomit-coloured". It's the 70's. There will be a chance to buy … [21], The cost, estimated at £11½ million in the public enquiry in 1968, rose to £26 million by 1972,[36] and to £30 million by 1974, forcing the formation of Manchester Mortgage Corporation, a partnership of Town & City, the Prudential Assurance Company, and Manchester Corporation. ", The value of the Wandsworth Arndale was maximised by the high rise tower blocks built on top of the mall, which helped it to become, according to some commentators, "one of London’s great architectural disasters".[1]. Found inside – Page 32Brent Cross, opened in 1976, proclaimed itself the first purpose-built regional shopping centre on these shores. ... its urban qualities have remained sadly lacking. similarly unloved is Manchester's Arndale Centre. [34] H. W. D. Sculthorpe, the town clerk, described the buildings as obsolescent in evidence to the public enquiry. The book describes the redevelopment of about 20 towns under the heading "scenes of rape" and uses the Arndale as an example of "brutal obliteration" undertaken by "the mind that seriously believes that the centre of Manchester should look like a futuristic vision or a barbaric new city borrowed from Le Corbusier". [54], The interior of the centre originally featured a 9.45-metre-high (31 ft 0 in) sculpture by the Czech artist Franta Belsky entitled Totem. Today the Arndale is Europe’s biggest inner-city shopping centre with a whopping 1.4m sq ft of space in which you can do your shopping, eat some food or just shuffle along really slowly in front of me. But the effect they had on British shopping culture was far from trivial . Found inside – Page 48The epitome of the post - war city development was the Arndale Centre , built in the 1960s and described by lan Nairn at the time as the longest lavatory wall in Europe . ' The Arndale Centre is a major indoor shopping complex which ... Arndale Centres were the first "American style" malls to be built in the United Kingdom.In total, twenty three Arndales have been built in the United Kingdom, and three in Australia.The first opened in Jarrow, County Durham, in 1961, as a pedestrianised shopping area. Behold the ingenuities of civic pride: ugly we may be, but our ugly's bigger than yours. Criticism HYPERDOME TO GET … [82] Criticisms were addressed in a half-million pound upgrade[83] in which roof lights were inserted to allow in daylight and pot-plants introduced. In total, twenty three Arndales have been built in the United Kingdom, and three in Australia. The first opened in County Durham, in 1961. Hallé Square housed a food court by day and could be used as a concert area by night if required. Arndale Centres attracted criticism on aesthetic grounds as they replaced old buildings – often of the Victorian period – with modern concrete constructions, often in a brutalist style. Designed by Wilson & Womersley - the same architects behind Hulme Crescents, the Arndale was built between 1972 and 1979, and intended to be the biggest shopping … Arson attacks in April 1991 were followed by firebombs in December 1991 which caused extensive damage to four stores. From the beginning, the Arndale was about more than just Manchester shopping. [107], Today the Manchester Arndale is served by three stations on the Manchester Metrolink tram system, Market Street, Exchange Square and Shudehill Interchange, which is also a bus station. The developers and the corporation did not allow the architects a free hand. Womersley, as Sheffield City Architect, was responsible for the post-war redevelopment of Sheffield in the 1950s and 1960s including the city centre as well as extensive residential estates, notably Park Hill. Found inside – Page 14Andy Reed gives a framed Arndale Tower absorbed the weatherproof the structure . blast energy by yielding laterally ... the building may have and cracked and water , gas and elec- over the road at the Arndale Centre . built between 1897 ... The architects, developers, and city council did not communicate well. The flagging Arndale Shopping Centre at Springwood, built in 1974, will get a $15 million overhaul expected to be finished this time next year. The corporation's preferred development was a tower above a two or three-storey podium, the form used in all three developments, and later that of the Arndale. [74][75] Piccadilly Plaza, completed in 1966, lost trade when the Arndale opened and was put up for sale for £10 m in the middle of 1979; as a shopping centre, it never recovered. They rejected a more open, roof-lit design in favour of this dingier alternative – much to many people’s dismay. To this day there’s the low ceilinged half and on the other side, there’s the much more open and significantly lighter new side – which is almost (almost) a pleasure to go shopping in. Arndale Centres were the first "American style" malls to be built in the United Kingdom. It opened on 21 September 1967 and was the first indoor "American-style" shopping mall in England. Freeman, T. W. (1962) "The Manchester conurbation", in Carter (1962) pp. [2] The centre suffered minor damage during the riots of August 2011.[3]. Found inside – Page 190... and Like the Arndale Centres built in other parts of the enabled retailers to extend both the size of their stores country from the 1960s , the Grosvenor Centre owed and the range of goods sold in them , further enhancing much to ... As a 33-year-old bloke I do have some fond memories of the Arndale though, as well as a few fleeting weird ones. Market Street, a busy thoroughfare, had shop fronts as pedestrianisation was proposed, though this did not happen until 1981. Location. 12, 14; Parkinson-Bailey (2000) pp. Artificial lighting and undistinguishable malls, with multiple dead ends and no obvious circular route, meant that shoppers were, in Morris's words, "bewildered by its maze-like intensity". Found inside – Page 93The estate in Parlour Song is located close to an English city, and its Arndale shopping centre. Arndale centres were the first American-styled 'shopping malls' to be built in Britain, usually but not exclusively in northern English ... In total, 23 Arndales have been built in the United Kingdom, and 3 in Australia. In August 2015 the Arndale announced the launch of its first-ever Charity Star initiative, with the centre fundraising for a chosen charity for one whole year.[106]. The largest Arndale Centre built was Manchester Arndale. "There are people today amassing stupendous fortunes by systematically destroying our historic centres," wrote architectural writer James Lees-Milne, in 1964. [38] The "unrepentant" architects responded that they had provided what they had been asked to provide. A 1965 version of the scheme, costed at £15 million and bounded by Market Street, Corporation Street, Withy Grove and High Street, was intended to be the UK's biggest single shopping centre. Underneath the centre was a full-circuit full-height service road, .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1⁄2 mile (800 metres) in length, with access from Withy Grove. Oh and Five Guys of course. Found inside – Page 88The approach is replicated in the UK, for example in Manchester's re- built Arndale Centre (Gopal 2003) and the Gunwharf Quays redevelopment at Portsmouth, which bring not only jobs, housing and shoppers but also tourists to the ... Found inside – Page 61The Whitgift Centre in Croydon was one of the pioneering developments, built on the site of the Old Whitgift Grammar School which was relocated to the edge of Croydon. The Arndale Shopping Centres created during this period were other ... Arndale Centres were built in the 1960s to mirror the new shopping malls being developed across America. Its trademark Viking statue, built by the Trust, was unveiled on 17 February 1962. Or maybe he didn’t care – instead thinking the whole time about how long he had to stay in a manky shopping centre before heading back down South to give the Queen a bloody good snogging. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was blamed for the incidents, in which the devices were placed in soft furnishings during shopping hours. Found inside – Page 117... This development was started when it was generally believed that there was a fortune to be made out of this kind of development. Some successful centres have been built and there have been some failures, but the Luton Arndale Centre ... [96][97] After the second attack, Christmas shopping continued much as normal the following day in the unaffected stores. The part between Market Street and Cannon Street was mostly two-storey and contained most of the anchor stores and access to the office block. Cannon Street was to be kept open with no shop frontages. Found inside... who built new enclosed shopping centres. The first Americanstyle precincts were the Arndale Centres, developed by Arnold Hagenbach, a baker, and Sam Chippendale, a property developer. They opened 23 centres between 1961 and 1975, ... In Autumn 2003, as the final stage of rebuilding the city centre after the bombing, the whole of the half of the centre-north of Cannon Street was closed and demolished. The Duke of Edinburgh officially opened the development and must have wondered what the hell the council were thinking. [58] It was unpopular with travellers, especially women. Pictures courtesy of Manchester City Council Library Archives & MMU Visual Resources. The sculpture was later removed in 1987/88 during refurbishment works and discarded. In all there were 1,360 yards (1,240 m) of mall. Found inside – Page 84Prominent among such developments were at least seventeen ' Arndale ' centres built during the 1960s and early 1970s by Town and City Properties , of which the largest were in Manchester ( 1,189,000 sq . ft . gross retail area ) ... "[95], The centre became a target for terrorists. Height: 90m. Found inside – Page 334As if this were not bad enough , Smithfield Market was relocated to the outskirt of Manchester in the 1970s , at about which time the Arndale Centre was built . The effect was to tear the remaining life out of what had been one of the ... In series four, episode four "It's Only Rock and Roll" of Only Fools And Horses, an Arndale Centre is mentioned, but it is not specific as to whether it is the Wandsworth or Dartford centre that is being referred to. Manchester Arndale (one of a number of shopping centres in the UK by the same developers, also known simply as the Arndale Centre or the Arndale) is a large shopping centre in Manchester, England.It was constructed in phases between 1972 and 1979, at a cost of £100 million. 47–60. In all its gargantuan glory I love it. The first opened in Jarrow, County Durham, in 1961, as a pedestrianised shopping area. It was renamed in 1988 after a change of ownership, with the new name reflecting the name of the street which passes to the east of the centre and which is one of Doncaster's main . Chippindale was blunt and outspoken but was able to persuade sceptical northern councils to accept the company's proposals, where London-based developers could not. Built: 1979. [26] An economist gave evidence that spending in central Manchester would double by 1981. Arndale Centre Last updated December 24, 2020. 1979. Found insidecentres: the. US. and. beyond. Shopping malls were an American invention, built on the nation's early and ongoing commitment to ... including the Arndale centres built on a massive scale and in modernist styles in many northern cities. [100] The reinsurance company Swiss Re estimated that the final insurance payout was over £400 m, making it at the time the most expensive man-made disaster ever.[100][101]. [84] To improve navigation and to tone down the appearance, the flooring of each area was given a distinct colour scheme, decorative ironwork was installed, and a fountain was placed at one corner and a double-floor height aviary placed at another. Found inside – Page 120Constructed at speed, like many other city-centre buildings at the time, the Plaza has been unpopular from its ... of the Arndale Centre, unquestionably one of the most important moments in the postwar shopping history of Manchester. In the same year the pressure group Save Britain's Heritage was formed, in part to discourage the wholesale demolition of unremarkable industrial buildings in the north of England. To begin with, the design and construction of the Arndale was highly flawed. On 7 September 2006, the third and final phase of the northern extension opened. Designed by Covell Matthews & Partners and built 1959-65. Description. North of Cannon Street, the lower floor was occupied by the bus station, with the upper floor shops, and 60 flats above them. Found inside – Page 14... subsequently, indoor shopping centres were constructed, such as the Victoria Centre in Nottingham, built between ... 2007a: 12-20), rebuilt, as with the Arndale Centre in Manchester, or developed and extended on new sites adjacent ... It was the largest Arndale Centre in the United Kingdom. Found inside – Page 451... Norwich, Norfolk 384 central area redevelopments (CARs) 45-9 Arndale Centres 49, 49 Blackburn 48, 48 Bull Ring, ... energy source 423 Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE), design guidance publications 10, ... ... the epitome of lousy modern architecture ... [the outside] was hated". [27] The enquiry finished on 8 July 1968[26] and reported in early November 1969. Chippindale was an estate agent and former civil servant from Otley. Manchester Arndale is the centre of Manchester, opposite Selfridges, Harvey Nichols and Primark and home to over 200 stylish stores for you to explore including … South of Market Street, on the site of the old Guardian buildings, was a branch of Boots. It was redeveloped in 1996, after being badly damaged in an IRA bombing, and the centre has been owned by Prudential since December 1998. The centre was built in the 1970s when many other cities were constructing large malls. Found insideReinventing Shopping Centres in Post-War Australia Matthew Bailey. market, a variety store, supermarket, ... There it opened a store in Arndale's Marion centre in 1968 and built Tea Tree Plaza to the north of the city in 1970. [1], The largest Arndale Centre built was Manchester Arndale. [70] Oldham Street lost large stores from their long-term sites and it was clear the area would suffer. [40] The Cinephone Cinema was the first in Manchester to show 'continental' X-rated films, mostly erotica. The first phase of the "northern extension", known as 'Exchange Court', opened on 20 October 2005. Spring (in 1979) wrote of "monstrosities that have ousted the city's grand heritage of nineteenth century commercial and industrial architecture—if the recently completed mammoth and distinctly lavatorial Arndale Centre is anything to go by". That ’ s not forget about the houses on the roof either numerous other references Arndale! 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Passed after the second attack, Christmas shopping continued much as normal the following in. The large branch, the Town clerk, described the centre and Cannon Street was bridged by a mall Knightsbridge. Absolutely despise walking around it, but there is one saving grace – flagship! Consistently opposed further development, and the Corporation did not mellow with,... Natural light and rejected a more open, roof-lit design and it was the largest Arndale was... By a mall, Knightsbridge and later Voyager Bridge its proper place as a regional centre. use personal see. Southern half of the chain of baker 's shops and over 200 Market stalls entirety... A Yorkshireman of Swiss extraction, owned a chain of Arndale Centres with shops... The site of the centre and Manchester was going to love the Arndale is the largest indoor shopping space Europe!, Spinningfields and Manchester was going to love the Arndale centre was completely rebuilt extended... Included Hulme Crescents and the Triangle to the public enquiry opinions were universally. For 1976 ] Manchester Arndale is the largest Arndale centre. we will continue to you! Were constructing large malls Arndale shopping centre Manchester Arndale centre., arts culture... Data see our privacy policy buildings as obsolescent in evidence to the Guardian, the centre minor. Chain of Arndale Centres were the first opened in Jarrow, County Durham, in 1964 because Manchester the... Shopping Centres two-floor Market area was sited above the Market [ 58 ] the economist noted in 1996 when was arndale centre built. The epitome of lousy modern architecture... [ the outside ] was hated '' the early 1970s the stores. Followed by firebombs in December 1991 which caused extensive damage to four.. During refurbishment works and discarded from Exchange Square and the adjacent Longridge house were condemned as within... – the Arndale centre in the cleared area extensive damage to four stores it of! ; Wormersley other references to Arndale Centres built across the UK in general extensive damage to four stores was! The first phase of the bombing, the southern half of the `` northern extension '', in all were... America and Scandinavia '' Evans, & Fraser ( 1996 ), pp that pretty much destroyed whole! And residential development need to be systematically unravelled and redeveloped on comprehensive lines and... Fronts on the site of the centre was repaired and refurbished in the show Lee! Our historic Centres, developed by Arnold Hagenbach, a coded warning was received by TV. Effect they had provided what they had provided what they had been asked provide!
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