He held honorary membership in 16 scientific societies. Steward, "Alfred Louis Kroeber, 1876-1960", American Anthropologist 63 (1961), p. 1038-1087. His mother Johanna Muller was an American of German descent; his father Florence Kroeber came to the United States from Germany at the age of ten, with his parents and family, and became an importer of French clocks. January 1917: The brain is shipped to Washington and accessioned by the Smithsonian, accession number 60884, museum number 298736. Kroeber's summary of what was known about Ishi 4 days after his discovery 8 Sept 1911), Foundations of Anthropology at UC. Ishi died leaving $369.52. In 1911 in San Francisco, anthropologist Alfred Kroeber (center) is photographed near the UC Museum of Anthropology with Yahi translator Sam Batwai (left) and a Native American man named Ishi ⦠If there is any talk about the interests of science, say for me that science can go to hell. Cause of death: Advanced Pulmonary Tuberculosis. She contracted tuberculosis and died in 1913 after a prolonged illness. If you wish it, I shall be glad to deposit it in the National Museum collection. [18] Omer Stewart of the University of Colorado served as associate director. March 24, 1916: Kroeber writes from New York to Gifford, "I am very sorry. Image courtesy of UC Berkeley, Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Edward Sapir, "The Position of Yana in the Hokan Stock," University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 13 (1918): 1-34. Image courtesy of UC Berkeley, Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology. When Kroeber and Ishi came face to face, it was a momentous event, not only for each man but also for the cultures they represented. Dr. K. F. Meyer of the Hooper Foundation is called in to consult on the route of infection. Gifford.". Mount Olivet files contain a receipt dated March 27, 1916 c/o Public administrator for $40.00 and an interment document describing name date of death, approx. In short, what happened amounts to a compromise between science and sentiment, with myself on the side of sentiment. Kroeber and his students did important work collecting cultural data on western tribes of Native Americans. Ralph Beals of the University of California, Los Angeles, served as director of research for the federal government in the case. He had three younger siblings and all had scholarly interests.The family was bilingual, speaking German at home, and Kroeber also began to study Latin an⦠[12] During his lifetime, he was known as the "Dean of American Anthropologists". Museum Director Alfred L. Kroeber proposed Ishi live at the Museum as an alternative to officialsâ proposal he be relocated to a reservation in Oklahoma. October, 1910: T.T. Behind Ishi frolics the 11 year old Saxton Pope, Jr., Ishiâs swim mate, bunkmate, and young confidant. Kroeber spent most of his career in California, primarily at the University of California, Berkeley. There is no one here who can put it to scientific use. In 1981 the soft Tissue collections are rehoused and moved to Hall 25, stainless steel tank#6 and the catalogue number is attached by two permanent string tags. Kroeber then married Theodora Kracaw Brown, a widow with two sons Ted and Clifton whom he adopted. We of course went to the crematory also. February 17, 1999: UCSF report filed by the UCSF Research Historian, calls for UC support for repatriation and reunification of Ishi's remains. May 1999: After a month of investigation, the Smithsonian identifies the people of the Redding Rancheria and the Pit River tribe as Ishi's closest relations and therefore designated recipients of Ishi's remains. Pope and Waterman decided, and I agreed, that a small black Pueblo jar would be far more appropriate than one of the bronze or onyx urns which the Crematory has on sale. In those years and subsequent to Ishiâs death in 1916 from tuberculosis, Ishi remained a staple of anthropological conversations because he was labeled âthe last wild Indianâ. 1931: The University of California Department of Anthropology moves to new quarters at UC Berkeley and all artifacts connected with Ishi are transported to the east Bay; Medical records are housed at UCSF. He has given us every aid and every advice. They described Ishi (the so-called last of the Yani Indians) as a ⦠The âRe-naming Kroeber Committeeâ argued that A L Kroeberâs âtreatment of a Native American man we know as Ishi and the handling of his remains was cruel, degrading, and racistâ. Kroeber placed Ishi into his laboratory for several years at Berkeley where he (Ishi) swept floors and otherwise remained imprisoned within the University. Anthropological Essays Presented to Wm. But he is also remembered for taking custody in 1911 of a Native American man he named Ishi⦠Alfred Kroeber died in Paris on October 5, 1960. Kroeber was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to parents of German Protestant origin. He had three younger siblings and all had scholarly interests. Kroeber, Alfred Louis 1876-1960. There is no use declaring an estate unless there is official demand. He received his PhD under Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1901, the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia. 25 Relative to the University of California, "urges the Regents of the University of California to immediately take any and all actions necessary to ensure that the remains of Ishi be returned to the appropriate tribal representatives...urges the Governor to direct all affected state agencies to cooperate in the effort to return the remains of Ishi so that a proper Indian burial ceremony may take place and closure may be brought to this indignity...", April 5, 1999: California State Legislature Oversight Hearing "on the subject of the remains of Ishi and the disposition of Native American remains and artifacts.". 1871 Kingsley Cave/Morgan Valley Massacre 30 killed. Summer 1915: Linguistics work with Edward Sapir; Ishi stays with Watermans at Berkeley for three months and is "carefully looked after.". For sixty-four years it is stored in a ground glass jar in the "Division of Collections" of the Physical Anthropology Labs on the third floor of the Natural History Building. March 23-25, 1999: Press reports the Smithsonian's announcement that it will repatriate Ishi's brain to lineal descendants or culturally affiliated people, and members of the BCNACC have no cultural affiliation with the Yahi. Niche in columbarium $40.00 Ishi the Last Yahi: A Documentary History (1981), edited by Robert Heizer and Theodora Kroeber, contains additional scholarly materials. The family was bilingual, speaking German at home, and Kroeber also began to study Latin and Greek in school, beginning a lifelong interest in languages. Kroeber is credited with developing the concepts of culture area, cultural configuration (Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America, 1939), and cultural fatigue (Anthropology, 1963). May 14, 1997: The BCNACC passes Resolution 97-01 authorizing the BCNACC with the support of the Forest Service, City of Oroville, Chamber of Commerce, Butte County Board of Supervisors and the Native American Elders, to "locate and place Ishi's remains and spirit to his native Homeland.". April 12, 2000: The California state attorney general's office obtains a court order from San Mateo county for the removal of Ishi's ashes from the Colma cemetery for reburial by the designated Native American people according to their customs. Besides, I cannot believe that any scientific value is materially involved. Autopsy performed by Dr. Jean V. Cooke. March 27, 1916: Private Funeral in the undertakers parlor, Waterman, Pope, Loud Warburton and Gifford accompanied the body to the cemetery where cremation occurred. In the coffin were placed one of his bows, five pieces of dentalium, a box full of shell bead money which he had saved, a purse full of tobacco, three rings, and some obsidian flakes, all of which we felt sure would be in accord with Ishi's wishes. Alfred L. Kroeber with Ishi, the last known member of the Yahi tribe On June 11, 1876, American cultural anthropologist Alfred Louis Kroeber was born. The National Museum of the American Indian Act of 1989 mandates that the Smithsonian Institution inventory, document, and, if requested repatriate culturally affiliated human remains and funerary objects to federally recognized Native American tribes. Theodora wrote a biography which was well received titled âIshi in Two Worlds.â A film on Ishi was also made â The Last Of His Tribeâ (1992). When Kroeber and Ishi came face to face, it was a momentous event, not only for each man, but for the cultures they represented. In disposing of his body I took the stand which you asked me to take some time ago: namely, that he have a Christian burial like any other friend. May 1914: Pope does a complete clinical history of Ishi: "No Premonition of Illness.". Chester, Calif: The Anthro Company. February 23, 1999: The Butte county Native American Cultural Committee holds a press conference in Oroville, and announces "it is important to remember that the Native Americans feel that a complete body is necessary to proper burial and release of the spirit. Ishi rediscovered. Wax cylinder recording 51 51 Ishi becomes acquainted with UC Surgeon, Dr. Saxton Pope; they begin archery collaboration. Anthropologists Alfred and Theodora Kroeber sit on the steps of a cabin around 1927. Saxton Pope, "The Medical History of Ishi," University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 13 (1920): 175-213. We propose to stand by our friends. The complicated legacy of Alfred Kroeber will no longer be honored on a campus building after UC Berkeley unnamed Kroeber Hall, a decision that has ⦠The Building Name Review Committee's unanimous vote to unname Kroeber Hall came as a result of the role Alfred Louis Kroeber, the building's namesake, played in ⦠The anthropology department's headquarters building at the University of California was named Kroeber Hall in his honor, before being un-named January 26, 2021 in order to "help Berkeley recognize a challenging part of our history, while better supporting the diversity of todayâs academic community. September, 1912: Ishi hospitalized three days for abdominal pain. 2003. Kroeber, in full Alfred Louis Kroeber, (born June 11, 1876, Hoboken, N.J., U.S.âdied Oct. 5, 1960, Paris, France), influential American anthropologist of the first half of the 20th century, whose primary concern was to understand the nature of culture and its processes. The Last of the Mill Creeks and Early Life in Northern California (Chico. Image courtesy of UC Berkeley, Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology. [3] He played an integral role in the early days of its Museum of Anthropology, where he served as director from 1909 through 1947. You can get an individual plot in any of the public cemeteries. The hospital that Ishi was treated in during his illness was located in the Medical school building to the left of the museum. In 1994 the body part was moved to Third Pod, Museum Support Center. November 22, 1911: Ishi hospitalized for respiratory infection; all TB diagnostic tests are negative. "[7] He was associated with Berkeley until his retirement in 1946. The prime interest in this case would be of a morbid romantic nature. The normal fee is fourteen percent (seven for the administrator and seven for the attorney) It has been cut as you see to three and one half percent for each of these men. WorldCat record id: 84653243. March 24, 1999: eight representative members of the BCNACC visit the Smithsonian to view the brain and conduct a cleansing ceremony. In the late 1940s, it was one of ten books required as reading for all students during their first year at Columbia University. This means of course seven percent of $369.50. January 27, 1999: Presence of the brain at the Smithsonian is confirmed personally in a meeting between Thomas Killion of the Smithsonian repatriation office, and Orin Starn. "[17], From 1920 to 1923 Kroeber conducted an active practice as a lay psychoanalyst, with an office in San Francisco. Edward Sapir, "Analysis of a Yahi Text," University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 20 (1923). May 1913: Ishi hospitalized two days for back pain. (Ishi may have been of mixed ethnic heritage, with a father from the Wintu, Maidu or Nomlaki tribes. (Waterman, Gifford and Pope are presumably present, Brain is removed, weighed, examined macroscopically and preserved). When Ishi, "the last wild Indian, " came out of hiding in August of 1911, he was quickly whisked away by train to San Francisco to meet Alfred Kroeber, one of the fathers of American anthropology. If you will enter as donor the Department of Anthropology of the University of California, I think your record will be as accurate as you can make it.". Kroeber and Roland B. Dixon were very influential in the genetic classification of Native American languages in North America, being responsible for theoretical groupings such as Penutian and Hokan, based on common languages. Waterman, Pope, Loomis, Loud Warburton, Mason and myself were the only people who attended. [8] This is the first scholarly book on Ishi to contain essays by Native American writers and academics. He conducted excavations in New Mexico, Mexico, and Peru. It was the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia. "The funeral was private, and no flowers were brought. May 12 and 13, 2000: The Butte County Native American Cultural Committee organize a conference in Oroville to memorialize Ishi. I might be willing to consent if it were to be a strict autopsy in the ordinary sense to determine the cause of death, but as they know that, I suspect that the autopsy would resolve itself into a general dissection. Stewart, Omer C. (1985). In 1926 he married again, to Theodora Kracaw Brown, a widow whom he met as a student in one of his graduate seminars. December 16, 1998: UC Research Historian meets at UCSF with Orin Starn, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Duke University, to discuss the research on the whereabouts of Ishi's brain. Alfred Louis Kroeber earned the second PhD awarded in anthropology in North America, and is regarded as a founder of the modern discipline.He was born in Hoboken, New Jersey to well-to-do German-speaking parents. Theodora and Alfred had two children Karl and Ursula. Born Theodora Covel Kracaw in Denver Colo. in 1897. (University of California, Berkeley). Alfred Kroeber and Theodora Kroeberâs daughter,Ursula Le Guin, published many books based on her early exposure to Ishiâs story. Cremation date listed as March 27, 1916. Waterman leads an expedition into the Mill Creek area to attempt to find the lost band of Indians, finds "incontrovertible evidence of their existence in a wild state." J.H. December 26, 1911: Ishi hospitalized with bronchopneumonia, photos and casts taken of his feet. Sim Moak. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78 (1925): 336-346. Please acquaint Waterman with my feelings; and convey them also to Pope, toned down in form so as not to offend him, but without concessions. The press reports "No Happy Ending in Sight for Ishi's Brain. They have been more than white. [17], Kroeber served early on as the plaintiffs' director of research in Indians of California v. the United States, a land claim case. © The Regents of the University of California, The Contemporary Search for Ishi's Remains. September 4, 1911: T.T. June 6, 1997: Los Angeles Times article by Mary Curtius alerts UCSF officials to the possibility that the brain was not cremated along with Ishi's other remains. Alfred Kroeber (left) and Ishi in 1911. We have hundreds of Indian skeletons that nobody ever comes near to study. Alfred's family moved into New York City when Alfred was quite young, and he was tutored and attended private schools there. All this, however, can be arranged later. County Tax $1.00 AFTERMATH A.L. Theodora Kroeber, usf.edu. Kroeber is remembered as the founder of the study of anthropology in the American West. No contact made. Changing fields to the new one of anthropology, he received his PhD under Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1901, basing his 28-page dissertation on decorative symbolism on his field work among the Arapaho. Hospital Bill $171.00. 1866: Three Knolls Massacre, 40 killed; Dry Camp Massacre, 33 killed. [1] They had two children: Karl Kroeber, a literary critic, and the science fiction writer Ursula Kroeber Le Guin. [1] He attended Columbia College at the age of 16, joining the Philolexian Society and earning an AB in English in 1896 and an MA in Romantic drama in 1897. Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876 â October 5, 1960) was an American cultural anthropologist. Hearst Museum Portal. He was the father of the acclaimed novelist, poet, and writer of short stories Ursula K. Le Guin. ⢠Burrill, Richard. MORE RECENT TIMES His family moved into New York when Alfred was quite young, and he was tutored and attended private schools there. The 1996 amendment establishes deadlines for the distribution of summaries and inventories of human remains and associated funerary objects which are to be completed and submitted to Native groups by June 1, 1998. Nels C. Nelson, " Flint Working by Ishi. Publication of various articles on Ishi, Yahi ethnology and the Indian massacres of the previous century. Alfred Louis Kroeber was born on 11 June 11 1876, in Hoboken, New Jersey. ", October 27, 1916: Kroeber returns from sabbatical, writes to Curator of the National Museum, Ales Hrdlicka , "I find that at Ishi's death last spring his brain was removed and preserved. September 30, 1915: Gifford replies, "Ishi has improved slowly, but he is a long way from being on his feet. Everything else was carried out as you would have done it yourself, I firmly believe. There is no objection to a cast. In Peru he helped found the Institute for Andean Studies (IAS) with the Peruvian anthropologist Julio C. Tello and other major scholars. Alfred Kroeber the âSuperorganicâ and "Style Patterns" Alfred Kroeber (1876-1960) received his doctorate under Franz Boas, at Boas at Columbia University in 1901, basing his dissertation on his field work among the Arapaho. Out of the hospital bill of $171 will be deducted the charges of the Public Administrator's office. When Ishi, "the last wild Indian," came out of hiding in August 1911, he was quickly whisked away by train to San Francisco to meet Alfred Kroeber, one of the fathers of American anthropology. His primary concern was to understand the nature of culture and its processes. 1870-1911: Period of Concealment: a remnant band (five to twenty individuals) of Yahi hide in the Mill Creek area. Kroeber. The money has been expended as follows: Kroeber was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to upper middle-class parents: Florence Kroeber, who immigrated at the age of 10 to the United States with his parents and family from Germany, and Johanna Muller, who was of German descent. UCSF Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs initiates an internal investigation by a pathologist and a research historian. [14][15], Kroeber's textbook, Anthropology (1923, 1948), was widely used for many years. Henry Holmes. In 2003, Clifton and Karl Kroeber published a book of essays on Ishi's story, which they co-edited, called, Ishi in Three Centuries. Ishi (1911), Hearst Museum of Anthropology. In that book, Kroeber first described a pattern in California groups where a social unit was smaller and less hierarchically organized than a tribe,[9][10] which was elaborated upon in The Patwin and their Neighbors[11] in which Kroeber first coined the term "tribelet" to describe this level of organization. Ishi spent his last days in his room in the Anthropology Building at Parnassus (center) and commented on the antics of the construction workers building the superstructure of the UC Hospital (girders at right) which was completed soon after Ishi's death. He was both a Professor of Anthropology and the Director of what was then the University of California Museum of Anthropology (now the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology). T. T. Waterman, "Ishi, the Last Yahi Indian," Southern Workman 46 (1917): 528-537. ", In January, 1917 the Anthropology recorder for the U.S. National Museum asks for clarification...stating that the museum "does not know certainly whether the specimen is deposited in, or presented to, the National Museum, nor whether it comes from you personally, or from the University through your good offices..." Kroeber replies, "Ishi's brain was sent to the National Museum as a gift with the compliments of the University of California. Calif, 1923). In August of 1911 a starving native-American man walked out of the Butte County wilderness ⦠1964: Theodora Kroeber publishes a children's book, Ishi, Last of His Tribe (Boston: Houghton Mifflin co., 1964). He received his PhD under Franz Boas at Columbia University in 1901, the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia. In 2003 Clifton Kr⦠He kindly offered to cut his fee in half. Floral Piece at Museum $7.50 Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act is passed in 1990, requiring all federal agencies and museums receiving federal funds to inventory and identify the items, notify the affected tribes and make arrangements to return such items if the appropriate tribe made a request.The Smithsonian is exempt from NAGPRA, and would be governed by provisions of the 1989 NMAI Act.
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