In the Quisteil rebellion of the Yucatec Maya in 1761, the rebel leader Jacinto Canek reportedly called himself "Little Montezuma".[41]. The Spaniards were forced to flee the city and they took refuge in Tlaxcala, and signed a treaty with the natives there to conquer Tenochtitlán, offering to the Tlaxcalans control of Tenochtitlán and freedom from any kind of tribute.[16]. published in the United States in 1892. xmp.iid:0780117407206811822AB15598D9E8CB While some historians such as Warren H. Carroll consider this as evidence that Moctezuma was at least open to the possibility that the Spaniards were divinely sent based on the Quetzalcoatl legend, others such as Matthew Restall argue that Moctezuma politely offering his throne to Cortés (if indeed he did ever give the speech as reported) may well have been meant as the exact opposite of what it was taken to mean, as politeness in Aztec culture was a way to assert dominance and show superiority. H��]k�0�� ��R�c�v�BHiglЖ�],�h��h��4�綿~GVfZ��`e�#N����s=~}��_�X�^�0)�Ko,� ��� �6,ؕ�1eGp��� D�#�o�e1�.�g��x�.cnY�Q=��#N�6� oW��>#� Created by Julián de Tavira, María Jaén, Amaya Muruzabal. 1 0 obj <>>> endobj 2 0 obj <>stream Cortés then married Doña Isabel to another conquistador, with whom she had two children. Moctezuma (du nahuatl « Motecuhzoma », [moteːkʷ'soːma], parfois également retranscrit Montezuma) est un patronyme d'origine nahua qui est le plus souvent employé pour désigner : . Toutes ses exigences sont acceptées. [23], Ethnohistorian Susan Gillespie has argued that the Nahua understanding of history as repeating itself in cycles also led to a subsequent rationalization of the events of the conquests. [2] The Aztec chronicles called him Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, while the first was called Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina or Huehuemotecuhzoma ("Old Moctezuma"). Montezuma II, also spelled Moctezuma, (born 1466—died c. June 30, 1520, Tenochtitlán, within modern Mexico City), ninth Aztec emperor of Mexico, famous for his dramatic confrontation with the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. [citation needed]. default Cortés later melted these down for their monetary value. He described Moctezuma's issue and estimates them to be nineteen – eleven sons and eight daughters. In 1519 Hernan Cortés sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. 3] in their own right, and only some of his servants knew of it. Depiction in early post-conquest literature, Indigenous accounts of omens and Moctezuma's beliefs, Descendants in Mexico and the Spanish nobility. H�l�1�@������;F�`�1��&�z{Φ�ח��uŊ��@XFA`. Though some indigenous accounts written in the 1550s partly support this notion, it is still unbelievable for several reasons. �`K9'J���f�z��;��!��U�Z+�c��O6���*�qV���Aٯ�:���y��uj��\epJ�m�y��iW���-�C���Uyr��RH�FWr}�u�]g�Ӯ�� �����g_�Q���/�&�dI��(@/��#f�Zx��c��!�Nܡ�C�,�)�.��6�������Z��j8M�� ��'�����^8 �N�p�Q�V؊r��}��t4���'��1�].��'H&��c �)��,qK#�h$�Š��LAV�u�LU��U����Y�# ��u�k���%�6K|8�Vr�Q�8�r�ӹUVo�d,@oa��%��zk�T��cHn7k������~��J��q���`Wˇ��̽�~` n�^ endstream endobj 30 0 obj <>>>/Subtype/Form>>stream Through warfare, Moctezuma expanded the territory as far south as Xoconosco in Chiapas and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and incorporated the Zapotec and Yopi people into the empire. He was succeeded by his adolescent nephew, Cuauhtémoc. Shortly thereafter, Cortés left to fight Pánfilo de Narváez, who had landed in Mexico to arrest Cortés. In his Second Letter, Cortés describes his first encounter with Moctezuma thus: "Moctezuma [sic] came to greet us and with him some two hundred lords, all barefoot and dressed in a different costume, but also very rich in their way and more so than the others. In the codex's description of the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, the Aztec ruler is described as giving a prepared speech in classical oratorical Nahuatl, a speech which as described verbatim in the codex (written by Sahagún's Tlatelolcan informants) included such prostrate declarations of divine or near-divine admiration as, "You have graciously come on earth, you have graciously approached your water, your high place of Mexico, you have come down to your mat, your throne, which I have briefly kept for you, I who used to keep it for you," and, "You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth." Therefore, to give the Spanish the necessary legitimacy to wage war against the indigenous people, Cortés might just have said what the Spanish king needed to hear. In 1506, he sailed to the Indies where he helped in the conquest of Cuba and married a relative of its first governor. Montezuma II (also known as Moctezuma, Moteuczoma, Motecuhzoma) was the ninth emperor of the Aztec Empire who ruled from 1502 to 1520. Albuquerque: Univ. 2014-05-22T11:44:27-07:00 xmp.did:F77F1174072068118083AC2157061D19 The grandson of Moctezuma II, Pedro's son, Ihuitemotzin, baptized as Diego Luis de Moctezuma, was brought to Spain by King Philip II. It was stated that he had reigned for seventeen years, and was the best king they ever had in Mexico, and that he had personally triumphed in three wars against countries he had subjugated. Llegando a Tenochtitlan, Moctezuma lo recibió con todos los honores y le confió "el trono que había cuidado esperando el retorno del dios Quetzalcoatl". Historical portrayals of Moctezuma have mostly been colored by his role as ruler of a defeated nation, and many sources have described him as weak-willed, superstitious, and indecisive. [35] She had children by the latter two, from whom descend the illustrious families of Andrade-Montezuma and Cano-Montezuma. Díaz alleges that the Aztecs informed Moctezuma that a relative of his had risen to the throne and ordered their attack to continue until all of the Spanish were annihilated, but expressed remorse at Moctezuma's captivity and stated that they intended to revere him even more if they could rescue him. In the subsequent battles with the Spaniards after Cortés' return, Moctezuma was killed. Cortés took her into his household and she soon became pregnant. Moctezuma had numerous wives and concubines by whom he fathered an enormous family, but only two women held the position of queen – Tlapalizquixochtzin and Teotlalco. In an effort to pacify his people, and undoubtedly pressured by the Spanish, Moctezuma was struck dead by a rock. Cortés reprimió entonces Cholula de forma sangrienta y Moctezuma no intentaría más oponerse al avance de los españoles. Montezuma, or more correctly, Motecuhzoma II Xocoyotzin (aka Moctezuma) or 'Angry Like A Lord' was the last fully independent ruler of the Aztec empire before the civilization's collapse at the hands of the Spanish in the early 16th century CE. He died several days later, and under the war-like leader Cuitláhuac, the Aztecs continued their fight against the invaders. “And as a celebration for the arrival of the Spanish caravels and their pigs”, according to Bernal Díaz del Castillo, “the banquets organized by Hernán Cortés for their soldiers were based on pork dishes with tortillas.” In fact, in True History of the Conquest of the New Spain, Coyoacán witnessed the first taquiza (taco party) in history. Cortés y sus huestes entraron a México-Tenochtitlan el 8 de noviembre de 1519; la historia consecuente es ya bien conocida por todos: la capital del reino de Moctezuma fue conquistada a sangre y fuego. xmp.did:F77F1174072068118083AC2157061D19 True History of the Conquest of New Spain, General Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, 3rd Marquess de las Amarilas, http://whp.uoregon.edu/dictionaries/nahuatl/index.lasso, "A Descendant of Moctezuma at the Battle of Mobile, 1780", http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/aztec-capital-falls-to-corts, "Moctezuma Xocoyotzin y Hernán Cortés: dos visiones de una misma realidad", "Did Emperor Moctezuma II's head injury and subsequent death hasten the fall of the Aztec nation? [12], Moctezuma brought Cortés to his palace where the Spaniards lived as his guests for several months. info)),[N.B. Hernán Cortés: a short biography. By the Princess Acatlan were left two daughters, baptized as Maria and Marina (also known as Leonor); the latter alone left offspring, from whom descends the Sotelo-Montezuma family. Regardless of the earlier orders to hold fire, however, the discussion between Moctezuma and the Aztec leaders was immediately followed by an outbreak of violence. Juan de Grijalva (Cuéllar (), 1490 - Olancho, Honduras, 1528) fue un descubridor y conquistador español que participó en la exploración y conquista de Cuba con el adelantado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (1511), de quien fue capitán. Hernán Cortés was born in Extremadura, Spain, in the mid-1480s of respectable but undistinguished hidalgo (minor noble) birth. Personnes. [23], Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc, who may have written the Crónica Mexicayotl, was possibly a grandson of Moctezuma II. Díaz states: "Many of the Mexican Chieftains and Captains knew him well and at once ordered their people to be silent and not to discharge darts, stones or arrows, and four of them reached a spot where Montezuma could speak to them."[13]. / Townsend, Camilla. They came in two columns, pressed very close to the walls of the street, which is very wide and beautiful and so straight that you can see from one end to the other. Much of the idea of Cortés being seen as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex, written some 50 years after the conquest. In Book 12 of the twelve-volume Florentine Codex, the account in Spanish and Nahuatl is accompanied by illustrations by natives. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Cortés The belief of the Aztecs being rendered passive by their own superstition is referred to by Matthew Restall as part of "The Myth of Native Desolation" to which he dedicates chapter 6 in his book Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. [24], Some of the Aztec stories about Moctezuma describe him as being fearful of the Spanish newcomers, and some sources, such as the Florentine Codex, comment that the Aztecs believed the Spaniards to be gods and Cortés to be the returned god Quetzalcoatl. Adobe PDF Library 10.0.1 Cortés later melted these down for their monetary value. During the siege of the city, the sons of Moctezuma were murdered by the Aztecs, possibly because they wanted to surrender. Moctezuma was then succeeded by his brother Cuitláhuac, who died shortly after during a smallpox epidemic. p.195, 134–35. His face was rather long and cheerful, he had fine eyes, and in his appearance and manner could express geniality or, when necessary, a serious composure. [37] Other holders of Spanish noble titles that descend from the Aztec emperor include Dukes of Atrisco. The year in which Moctezuma was crowned is uncertain. He is also the subject of Roger Sessions' dodecaphonic opera Montezuma (1963), and the protagonist in the modern opera La Conquista (2005) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, where his part is written in the Nahuatl language. endstream endobj 5 0 obj <> endobj 3 0 obj <> endobj 6 0 obj <> endobj 7 0 obj <> endobj 13 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 14 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 15 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 16 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 17 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 18 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 19 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 37 0 obj <>stream Pagden has written that "There is no preconquest tradition which places Quetzalcoatl in this role, and it seems possible therefore that it was elaborated by Sahagún and Motolinía from informants who themselves had partially lost contact with their traditional tribal histories". The Aztecs, disgusted by the actions of their leader, renounced Moctezuma and named his brother Cuitláhuac tlatoani in his place. Robert Himmerich y Valencia, ibid. Following the conquest, Moctezuma's daughter, Techichpotzin (or Tecuichpoch), became known as Isabel Moctezuma and was given a large estate by Cortés, who also fathered a child by her, Leonor Cortés Moctezuma, who in turn was the mother of Isabel de Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma. [14] Díaz gives this account: "They had hardly finished this speech when suddenly such a shower of stones and darts were discharged that (our men who were shielding him having neglected for a moment their duty, because they saw how the attack ceased while he spoke to them) he was hit by three stones, one on the head, another on the arm and another on the leg, and although they begged him to have the wounds dressed and to take food, and spoke kind words to him about it, he would not. The Nahuatl pronunciation of his name is [motekʷˈsoːma]. We even blamed the Mercederian friar for not having persuaded him to become a Christian."[18]. 245–299). converted In his Historia, Bernal Díaz del Castillo states that on 1 July 1520, the Spanish forced Moctezuma to appear on the balcony of his palace, appealing to his countrymen to retreat. [2] His story remains one of the most well-known conquest narratives from the history of European contact with Native Americans, and he has been mentioned or portrayed in numerous works of historical fiction and popular culture. During his reign, the Aztec Empire reached its greatest size. The Aztec nobility reportedly became increasingly displeased with the large Spanish army staying in Tenochtitlán, and Moctezuma told Cortés that it would be best if they left. [8], In 1517, Moctezuma received the first reports of Europeans landing on the east coast of his empire; this was the expedition of Juan de Grijalva who had landed on San Juan de Ulúa, which although within Totonac territory was under the auspices of the Aztec Empire. A nephew of Moctezuma II was Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin. The firsthand account of Bernal Díaz del Castillo's True History of the Conquest of New Spain paints a portrait of a noble leader who struggles to maintain order in his kingdom after he is taken prisoner by Hernán Cortés. According to the Codex, the bodies of Moctezuma and Itzquauhtzin were cast out of the Palace by the Spanish; the body of Moctezuma was gathered up and cremated at Copulco. Among his many children were Princess Isabel Moctezuma and sons Chimalpopoca (not to be confused with the previous huey tlatoani) and Tlaltecatzin.[32]. Jacobo Cromberger, primer impresor de la Segunda, la llamó Carta de relación, nombre que se generalizó a partir del siglo xix y por el que se identifican en la actualidad. Ask students why Document C might differ so much from Documents A and B. from application/x-indesign to application/pdf According to Cortés, Moctezuma immediately volunteered to cede his entire realm to Charles V, King of Spain. The Aztec emperor is the title character in several 18th-century operas: Motezuma (1733) by Antonio Vivaldi; Motezuma (1771) by Josef Mysliveček; Montezuma (1755) by Carl Heinrich Graun; and Montesuma (1781) by Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli. Xocoyotzin (IPA: [ʃokoˈjotsin]) means "honored young one" (from "xocoyotl" [younger son] + suffix "-tzin" added to nouns or personal names when speaking about them with deference[6]). Moctezuma continued to govern his empire and even undertook conquests of new territory during the Spaniards' stay at Tenochtitlán. Miguel LeonPortilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. By her he left a son, Asupacaci, who fell during the Noche Triste, and a daughter, Tecuichpoch, later baptized as Isabel Moctezuma. Cortés made Moctezuma go onto the roof of the palace to tell his people to withdraw, but the Aztec chief was received with a barrage of stones, wounding him. Some speculate that the Aztecs were particularly susceptible to such ideas of doom and disaster because the particular year in which the Spanish arrived coincided with a "tying of years" ceremony at the end of a 52-year cycle in the Aztec calendar, which in Aztec belief was linked to changes, rebirth, and dangerous events. [11], According to Cortés, Moctezuma immediately volunteered to cede his entire realm to Charles V, King of Spain. L 1516–1521. Moctezuma was aware of this and sent gifts to the Spaniards, probably in order to show his superiority to the Spaniards and Tlaxcalteca. I have spoken of the sorrow we all felt when we saw that Montezuma was dead. A year later, Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés reached the region and successfully defeated the Chontales. Cortés demanda davantage d’or et Moctezuma promit d’offrir d’égales quantités à Cortés et au roi d’Espagne chaque année à venir. a comet, the burning of a temple, a crying ghostly woman, and others. [27] Bernardino de Sahagún, who compiled the Florentine Codex, was also a Franciscan priest. Cortés demande davantage d'or et Moctezuma promet d'offrir d'égales quantités à Cortés et au roi d'Espagne chaque année à venir. These were purportedly interpreted as signs of a possible disaster, e.g. Of his many wives may be named the princesses Teitlalco, Acatlan, and Miahuaxochitl, of whom the first named appears to have been the only legitimate consort. See the account of Moctezuma's captivity, as given in Díaz del Castillo (1963, pp. He did not wear his hair long but just over his ears, and he had a short black beard, well-shaped and thin. 2014-05-22T11:44:26-07:00 With Almagro San Miguel, Ishbel Bautista, Michel Brown, Víctor Clavijo. Adobe InDesign CS6 (Macintosh) El nombre de Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) y la controversia que lo rodea están vinculados a la conquista de México, que fue el evento más importante de su vida. Moctezuma gave Cortés the gift of an Aztec calendar, one disc of crafted gold and another of silver. Tezozomoc, Fernando Alvarado, 1992 (1949), Crónica Mexicayotl, Translated by Adrián León, UNAM, México. He was quite free from sodomy. H�2�32S0г�@��D���@�T�\�D�W�@!����݃ ҋ� The veracity of this claim is difficult to ascertain, though some recent ethnohistorians specialising in early Spanish/Nahua relations have discarded it as post-conquest mythicalisation.[25]. In Mexico, the contemporary Pames, Otomi, Tepehuán, Totonac, and Nahua peoples are reported to worship earth deities named after Moctezuma. [citation needed] One such example was the rebellion of the Virgin Cult in Chiapas in 1721, where the followers of the Virgin Mary rebelled against the Spanish after having been told by an apparition of the virgin that Moctezuma would be resuscitated to assist them against their Spanish oppressors. [7] However, most documents say Moctezuma's coronation happened in the year 1502, and therefore most historians believe this to have been the actual date. He quickly married her to another associate, Pedro Gallego de Andrade, and the child, christened Leonor Cortés Moctezuma (Isabel also had a half-sister named Marina or Leonor Moctezuma) was born a few months later. One is of the death of Moctezuma II, which the indigenous assert was due to the Spaniards. [39] His name also appears in Tzotzil Maya ritual in Zinacantán where dancers dressed as a rain god are called "Moctezumas".[40]. Moctezuma avait fait préparer le palais de son père, Axayacatl, pour les espagnols et leurs alliés. Also, according to Spanish law, the king had no right to demand that foreign peoples become his subjects, but he had every right to bring rebels to heel. He had a guard of two hundred chieftains lodged in rooms beside his own, only some of whom were permitted to speak to him. Se dice que el primer encuentro entre el tlatoani Moctezuma y Hernán Cortés sucedió el 8 de noviembre de 1519.El punto de reunión fue la cruce de las calles República del Salvador y avenida Pino Suárez, donde hoy se encuentran el Templo de Jesús Nazareno y el antiguo Hospital de Jesús.En el exterior yace una placa que conmemora el encuentro. [6] Así, estas piezas fueron inventariadas y enviadas a Europa, a Alemania, donde en ese momento residía el rey. ", "Las reformas socio-económicas de Motecuhzoma II", Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moctezuma_II&oldid=1006256912, 15th-century indigenous people of the Americas, 16th-century indigenous people of the Americas, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Moctezuma (spelled Montezuma) is portrayed in, Montezuma is a playable ruler for the Aztec in several of the, Several species of animals and plants such as, This page was last edited on 11 February 2021, at 22:22. �@����s�@�\.S����` �� endstream endobj 28 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form>>stream According to an indigenous account, he said to Cortés: "You have come to sit on your seat of authority, which I have kept for a while for you, where I have been in charge for you, for your agents the rulers..." However, these words might be a polite expression that was meant to convey the exact opposite meaning, which was common in Nahua culture; Moctezuma might actually have intended these words to assert his own stature and multigenerational legitimacy. , November 8, 1519. "[4] His name glyph, shown in the upper left corner of the image from the Codex Mendoza above, was composed of a diadem (xiuhuitzolli) on straight hair with an attached earspool, a separate nosepiece, and a speech scroll.[5]. Cortés nació en Medellín, España. Hubert Howe Bancroft, writing in the 19th century (Native Races, Volume #3), speculated that the name of the historical Aztec emperor Moctezuma had been used to refer to a combination of different cultural heroes who were united under the name of a particularly salient representative of Mesoamerican identity. In 1865 (coincidentally during the Second Mexican Empire), the title, which was held by Antonio María Moctezuma-Marcilla de Teruel y Navarro, 14th Count of Moctezuma de Tultengo, was elevated to that of a Duke, thus becoming Duke of Moctezuma, with de Tultengo again added in 1992 by Juan Carlos I. Descendants of Pedro Tesifón de Moctezuma included (through an illegitimate child of his son Diego Luis) General Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, 3rd Marquess de las Amarilas (1741–1819), a ninth-generation descendant of Moctezuma II, who was commander of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Fort Charlotte, and his grandson, Francisco Javier Girón y Ezpeleta, 2nd Duke of Ahumada and 5th Marquess of the Amarillas who was the founder of the Guardia Civil in Spain. Most historians suggest the year of 1502 to be most likely, though some have argued in favor of the year 1503. Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883) History of Mexico, Vol. In this interpretation the description of Moctezuma, the final ruler of the Aztec Empire prior to the Spanish conquest, was tailored to fit the role of earlier rulers of ending dynasties—for example Quetzalcoatl, the mythical last ruler of the Toltecs. [9], When Cortés arrived in 1519, Moctezuma was immediately informed and he sent emissaries to meet the newcomers; one of them was an Aztec noble named Tentlil in the Nahuatl language but referred to in the writings of Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo as "Tendile". As the Spaniards approached Tenochtitlán they made an alliance with the Tlaxcalteca, who were enemies of the Aztec Triple Alliance, and they helped instigate revolt in many towns under Aztec dominion. Meanwhile, Hernán Cortés, a young Spanish-born noble, came to Hispaniola in the West Indies in 1504. of New Mexico Press, 2007, Page 86–88. 2]. Though two other Aztec rulers succeeded Moctezuma after his death, their reigns were short-lived and the empire quickly collapsed under them. Moctezuma in particular is depicted unfavorably as a weak-willed, superstitious, and indulgent ruler. They should point out that Document C was written by a … As Aztec rulers spoke an overly polite language that needed translation for his subjects to understand, it is difficult to find out what Moctezuma really said. application/pdf proof:pdf Exactly why this happened is not clear from the extant sources. xmp.did:F77F1174072068118083AC2157061D19 A work currently held at the Art Institute of Chicago known as the Stone of the Five Suns is an inscription written in stone representing the Five Suns and a date in the Aztec calendar, 1 crocodile 11 reed, which is the equivalent to 15 July 1503 in the Gregorian calendar. [1] He changed the previous meritocratic system of social hierarchy and widened the divide between pipiltin (nobles) and macehualtin (commoners) by prohibiting commoners from working in the royal palaces.[1]. xmp.id:0880117407206811822AB15598D9E8CB The clothes he wore one day he did not wear again till three or four days later. %PDF-1.4 %���� Moctezuma told Cortés that the Aztecs had been expecting him and for why Spanish missionaries said that Moctezuma believed Cortés was Quetzalcoatl. The first contact between the indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, when conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to take over the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán. The Aztecs did not use regnal numbers; they were given retroactively by historians to more easily distinguish him from the first Moctezuma, referred to as Moctezuma I. Unhappily, Grado died the next year. He had many women as his mistresses, the daughters of chieftains, but two legitimate wives who were Caciques[N.B. In this document, Cortés uses Moctezuma’s support during the conquest of Mexico to justify a substantial dowry containing lands, several ranches, and the labor of the Indians who lived there. [28] These legends are likely a part of the post-conquest rationalization by the Aztecs of their defeat, and serve to show Moctezuma as indecisive, vain, and superstitious, and ultimately the cause of the fall of the Aztec Empire. [38], Many indigenous peoples in Mexico are reported to worship deities named after the Aztec ruler, and often a part of the myth is that someday the deified Moctezuma shall return to vindicate his people. His partnership with Tlapalizquixochtzin also made him a king consort of Ecatepec since she was queen of that city. Esto concienció a Moctezuma de la guerra que se aproximaba y probablemente para comprar tiempo para organizarse dio a Cortés en conjunto con otras 158 piezas este penacho, en forma de regalo para su rey, Carlos I. Estudió en la Universidad de Salamanca; en 1506 tomó parte en la conquista española de Hispaniola y Cuba, y llegó a ser funcionario municipal en Cuba. A native woman named Malinche became Cortés’ mistress and mother of his son Martín. By the following year, the Aztec Empire had fallen to an army of Spanish and their Native American allies, primarily Tlaxcalans, who were traditional enemies of the Aztecs. Hernán Cortés escribió cinco «relaciones» entre 1519 y 1526 para informar al rey de sus acciones.
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