THREE TRADING EMPIRES The empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai thrived in West Africa because of their location on trade routes across the Sahara . Dry, desert conditions exist to the north and tropical conditions exist to the south. Completely revised, this edition examines recent developments and data that are important to understanding the geography of the region. Niger is a land of subsistence farmers, and most of the population lives in the southern regions. Western African Geography. The West African region is mostly made up of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. The western side of Chad can also be counted as part of Western Africa. West Africa is west of an imagined north–south axis lying close to 10° east longitude. History and Government •Ghana Empire was the first empire to emerge from this region –Very rich trading civilization in the area –Salt mines in the Sahara –Gold mines farther south ... Chapter 22: West Africa Author: tierneym Created Date: The Eze Nri managed trade and diplomacy on behalf of the Nri people and possessed divine authority in religious matters. Global views regarding women might be contributing to the country’s current concept of beauty and health. Some steps have already been taken in the form of WARFP (the World Bank's West Africa Regional Fisheries Program which empowers west-African countries (i.e. Those patterns were further even more stimulated with the French colonial campaign.[29]. In general, as can be seen on the map below, the climate gets wetter as you move to the south and drier as you move north. It rose through the outstanding organizational skills of the Yoruba, wealth gained from trade and its powerful cavalry. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 17 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. In West Africa, as in other parts of Africa where the baobab tree is found, the leaves are mixed with couscous and eaten, the bark of the tree is used to make ropes, and the fruit and seeds used for drinks and oils. The push for independence came in 1957. Further east, Oyo arose as the dominant Yoruba state and the Aro Confederacy as a dominant Igbo state in modern-day Nigeria. Political divisions did not end even after the two sides reconciled and the country was united under the same government in 1970. About the Nile River System and its basin. Explain how the geography and resources of this West Africa helped the kingdoms gain wealth and power. Three great kingdoms were identified in Bilad al-Sudan by the ninth century. [14] After having persisted as late as 1000 BP,[14] or some period of time after 1500 CE,[25] remaining West African hunter-gatherers, many of whom dwelt in the forest-savanna region, were ultimately acculturated and admixed into the larger groups of West African agriculturalists, akin to the migratory Bantu agriculturalists and their encounters with Central African hunter-gatherers.[14]. What has been the general political pattern after independence in West Africa? The late Ousmane Sembène, the Senegalese film director, producer and writer is from the region, as is the Ghanaian Shirley Frimpong-Manso. The current president has been in power since 1987 and continues to win in presidential elections. ", Mann, Gregory. The Benin Empire was "one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa, dating perhaps to the eleventh century CE",. William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel. Competition between Praise-singing ensembles and artistes are high, and artists responsible for any extraordinarily skilled prose, musical compositions, and panegyric songs are lavishly rewarded with money, clothing, provisions and other luxuries by patrons who are usually politicians, rulers, Islamic clerics and merchants; these successful praise-singers rise to national stardom. The lack of infrastructure and political stability has discouraged investors from helping to develop these natural resources and converting them into national wealth. Despite the architectural differences, buildings perform similar functions, including the compound structure central to West African family life or strict distinction between the private and public worlds needed to maintain taboos or social etiquette. very little rainfall. However, virtually all African peoples have a version of this board game. In the end, more than two hundred thousand people were killed and the country was devastated. Benin is twice the size in physical area as Togo. Despite the historical damage that has been done to the region's wildlife populations, there are still some protected nature reserves within the region. In 1847, Liberia became an independent country patterned after the US government, even naming its capital Monrovia after President James Monroe, the fifth US president. [86], Traditional African religions (noting the many different belief systems) are the oldest belief systems among the populations of this region, and include Akan religion, Yoruba religion, Odinani([Igbo]), and Serer religion. First published in 1978, this book is intended as an introductory study to the political geography of Africa. The country has to depend on outside aid to supply its basic needs. How did Liberia become a country? Climate and vegetation range from equatorial rainforests, tropical deserts and savanna grassland to Mediterranean. The conference of colonial European powers who divided up Africa did establish borders for the majority of African countries. This region is bisected by the African Transition Zone, which borders the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. Successive coups by various factions continued to plague the political arena. Understand each country’s development pattern and their current political situation. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) consider its western end to be Nouakchott, Mauritania, or to be Dakar, Senegal, giving rise to these alternative names for the road: Of the sixteen, the most important hub and entry point to West Africa are Kotoka International Airport, and Murtala Muhammed International Airport, offering many international connections. A miner in Kono District, Sierra Leone, searches his pan for diamonds. UN forces with US support eventually established a sense of control of the country. There have been several coups and various political leaders have been in power. This was then succeeded by the Ghana Empire that first flourished between the 9th and 12th centuries, which later gave way to the Mali Empire. The Taureg fought historic battles for an independent homeland against the French during the colonial era. How will these countries address their high population growth in the future. Ghana was the first European colony to gain independence in Subsaharan Africa. Muslims, Christians, and animists are about evenly split in Ivory Coast. But Thomas Bassett, a distinguished American geographer well known in the field of development, tells an unusual story of the growth of the cotton economy of West Africa. How did geography affect ways of life in West Africa ? In the early 19th century, a series of Fulani reformist jihads swept across Western Africa. Part of the West-African regions underwent an increase in the numeracy level throughout the 19th century. By 1998 the whole country resembled a military camp with arms and ammunition being trafficked to all sides. The religion of Islam spread to West Africa through trade. +. Geography of West Africa West Africa's landscape is mainly flat with coastal plains in the west and south, especially in Senegal, the southern Ivory Coast, the Niger Delta and the lower valleys of the Volta and Niger rivers. It is said that its exact origin may be from Yorubaland in Nigeria. Many of the European colonial powers had sought to build fortified beachheads on the coast and profit from the lucrative trade in slaves, gold, and ivory. Meanwhile, south of the Sudan, strong city-states arose in Igboland, such as the 10th-century Kingdom of Nri, which helped birth the arts and customs of the Igbo people, Bono State in the 11th century, which gave birth to the numerous Akan States, while Ife rose to prominence around the 14th century. works. This extremely poor nation occupies the second-to-last place on the UN’s human development index. The Benin Empire was governed by a sovereign Emperor with hundreds of thousands of soldiers and a powerful council rich in resources, wealth, ancient science and technology with cities described as beautiful and large as Haarlem. The political conditions in Niger are typical of the region. Timbuktu has played an important role as an educational focal point for many of the peoples of the region. The south is mainly Christian. Christianity has become the predominant religion in the central and southern part of Nigeria, southern Ivory Coast, and the coastal regions stretching from southern Ghana to coastal parts of Sierra Leone. Some of these include: West Africa is also home to several baobab trees and other plant life. There has been little political stability. What are blood diamonds? Why was Liberia never colonized by Europeans? West Africa is a cultural hearth, and its ideas and practices spread to North America and Europe. A large percentage of the population follows animist religions with many different traditional beliefs. PLAY. Of the West African nations, only Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali are landlocked, and the rest meet the Atlantic Ocean. The coasts frequently have sandy beaches, backing up onto low cliffs and rock forms. Its oceans can be as azure as the Mediterranean Sea. Geography of Africa. Even in the rural areas, the people have found innovative ways to share in the international dynamics of global cultures. As was true for Sierra Leone and other African countries such as Angola, the diamond trade helped fund the civil war. Terms in this set (52) West Africa _____ stretches from the Sahara in the north to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea in the west and south. Because of this many people settled in places like Jenne-Jeno, and near rivers where it … Examples of modern popular griot artists include Salif Keita, Youssou N'Dour, Mamadou Diabate, Rokia Traore and Toumani Diabate. The country experimented with a unity government, but this broke down when the rebel groups failed to disarm. Political instability in Nigeria has resulted in an almost endless number of military coups and government leaders being removed from office. Depressions of Eastern Africa. [63] Aims include the extension of railways in member countries, the interconnection of previously isolated railways and the standardization of gauge, brakes, couplings, and other parameters. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 17 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Humans and Anthropomorphs in the Rock Art of Northern Africa: International Conference", "Depicting plant behaviour through human imprints: wild cereals" cultivation in the Holocene Sahara", "Central Saharan rock art: Considering the kettles and cupules", "Tassili Paintings: Ancient roots of current African beliefs? [69] Jollof rice—originally from the Kingdom of Jolof (now part of modern-day Senegal) but has spread to the Wolofs of Gambia—is also enjoyed in many Western nations, as well;[70] Mafé (proper: "Tigh-dege-na" or Domodah) from Mali (via the Bambara and Mandinka)[71]—a peanut-butter stew served with rice;[72][73] Akara (fried bean balls seasoned with spices served with sauce and bread) from Nigeria is a favorite breakfast for Gambians and Senegalese, as well as a favorite side snack or side dish in Brazil and the Caribbean just as it is in West Africa. Family size has been large in Nigeria, which has caused an exploding population. In the 15th century, the Songhai would form a new dominant state based on Gao, in the Songhai Empire, under the leadership of Sonni Ali and Askia Mohammed. [20] Hunters in the Central Sahara farmed, stored, and cooked untamed central Saharan flora as well as tamed and shepherded Barbary sheep. Farming began in the fifth millennium B.C, as well as the domestication of cattle. Some types of folk music are religious in nature such as the "Tassou" tradition used in Serer religion.[82]. Though mineral resources are abundant, there is potential for increased agricultural production, where most of the people make their living. As a former colony, Niger, France has been a main contributor to providing economic aid along with the United Nations (UN). Learn. Off the coast of Mauritania are the Cape Verde Islands, which are united as an independent country associated with Africa. Africa stretches well south of the equator to cover more than 12 million square miles making Africa the world's second largest continent. [54], To combat the overfishing, Greenpeace has recommended countries reduce the number of registered trawlers operating in African waters, increase the monitoring and control and set up regional fisheries organizations. A Hausa harpist (right). The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over a third of Igboland and was administered by a priest-king called as an Eze Nri. To supplement geography facts such as these, it is nice to also know the locations of the countries. [92] It has a presence in Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The Tiv people found in Nigeria and partly in Cameroun are also among the largest. The abuses of power escalated to a breaking point in the late 1980s, which set the stage for a decade-long civil war in the 1990s. Starting with the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace and Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET), the peace movement has grown to include women across West Africa. Large amounts of iron ore make up about 40 percent of the country’s exports. Sierra Leone has been devastated in the past decades due to brutal civil war and political turmoil; as a result, the country was the lowest in the world on the human development index in 2010. Section 2: Human Geography . What river flows through this area? Third, we Comprehensive Geography Of West Africa|Reuben K are flexible and can assist you in any way you like. The vegetation zone with little to no plant and animal life and a hot dry climate. Niger has the highest fertility rate (7.6) in the world, and half the population is under the age of fifteen, causing a population explosion that taxes the sparse natural resources and brings even more poverty to a country at the bottom end of the index of economic development. Some baobab trees are several centuries old and form part of the local folklore, for example, a mythical baobab tree named Ngoye njuli in Senegal which is regarded as a sacred site by the Serer. The continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Comoros. The Sosso Empire sought to fill the void but was defeated (c. 1240) by the Mandinka forces of Sundiata Keita, founder of the new Mali Empire. Portuguese traders began establishing settlements along the coast in 1445, followed by the French, English, Spanish, Danish and Dutch; the African slave trade began not long after, which over the following centuries would debilitate the region's economy and population. The Gambia was once a British colony and Senegal was once a French colony. Like the griot tradition, praise singers are charged with knowing the details of specific historical events and royal lineages, but more importantly need to be capable of poetic improvisation and creativity, with knowledge of traditional songs directed towards showing a patron's financial and political or religious power. O'Brien, Donal Cruise, Richard Rathbone, John Dunn, eds. [8] The population of West Africa is estimated at about 381 million[1][2] people as of 2018, and at 381,981,000 as of 2017, of which 189,672,000 are female and 192,309,000 male.[3]. hoofed animals are rare. from Ghana is enjoyed throughout the region and beyond even in Central Africa with their own versions of it. Some geographers include the country of Chad or portions of it within the region of West Africa. The political dynamics are similar to other West African states. Found inside – Page 1This text provides thorough coverage of the historical, cultural, economic, and political forces that continue to shape Africa, applying geographic context to relevant past and contemporary issues. [55][56], West Africa, broadly defined to include the western portion of the Maghreb (Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), occupies an area in excess of 6,140,000 km2, or approximately one-fifth of Africa. Stephen – kokrobite catch – CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases.At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. Since the end of colonialism, the region has been the stage for some brutal conflicts, including: The Economic Community of West African States, established in May 1975, has defined the region of West Africa since 1999 as including the following 15 states:[8], Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Western Africa includes the preceding states with the addition of Mauritania (which withdrew from ECOWAS in 1999), comprising an area of approximately 6.1 million square km. The British issued poaching licenses, and although they would later try to reverse the damage that had been done by attempting to preserve what was left of the local wildlife, but by that time, it was too late. At 4,100 miles long, the Nile River is the longest, while the Congo River is Africa’s second longest at 2,922 miles in length. I created this video for my 7th grade students as an introduction to the geography of Africa and our Medieval West Africa Unit. Ethnic infighting with a minority Taureg group has emerged in recent years, bringing conflict and discord. Mental health problems are on the rise in West Africa, as they are in many other world regions. You never know if this writer is an honest person who will deliver a paper on time. Whoever was in charge of the government at any one time had plenty of opposition from the various factions. A hereditary caste occupying the fringes of society, the griots were charged with memorizing the histories of local rulers and personages and the caste was further broken down into music-playing griots (similar to bards) and non-music playing griots. Much of the diamond mining is uncontrolled, allowing considerable smuggling operations to operate. Dakar was a main colonial port for French West Africa during colonial times. English is the official language, along with Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo (Ibo), all of which are spoken by ten million people or more. The most significant river along which West African Empires grew. In spite of the obvious differences among the various local cuisines in this multinational region, the foods display more similarities than differences. [80][81], Mbalax, Highlife, Fuji, Afrobeat, and Afrobeats are modern musical genres of West Africa and its diaspora. The division between the Americanized settler communities along the coast and the indigenous Africans of the interior continued to widen over the years. Students in Liberia study by candlelight to catch up on missed time during the civil war. [31], In the United Nations scheme of African regions, the region of Western Africa includes 16 states and the United Kingdom Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha:[32] Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal and the Niger are mostly in the Sahel, a transition zone between the Sahara desert and the Sudanian Savanna; Benin, Ivory Coast, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo and Nigeria compose most of Guinea, the traditional name for the area near the Gulf of Guinea; Mauritania lies in the Maghreb, the northwestern region of Africa that has historically been inhabited by West African groups such as the Fulani, Soninke, Wolof, Serer and Toucouleur people,[33] along with Arab-Berber Maghrebi people such as the Tuareg; Cape Verde is an island country in the Atlantic Ocean; and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha consists of eight main islands located in four different parts of the Atlantic. By 1500 B.C, ironworking technology allowed an expansion of agricultural productivity, and the first city-states later formed. [41][48][49], West Africa is greatly affected by deforestation, and has one of worst deforestation rate. Everyone in the village seemed to understand the plot and reveled in the drama of the characters and their exploits. Countries such as Nigeria, with a low level of per-capita income, can still highly value their heritage and the traditions that revolve around their family and community and transcend the global push for economic gain and the possession of consumer items. Why is ISBN important? The region of West Africa includes the southern portion of the bulge of the continent, which extends westward to the Atlantic Ocean. is a professional essay writing service that offers reasonable ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF WEST AFRICA prices for high-quality writing, editing, and proofreading. Religious affiliations are evenly split between Muslim, Christian, and animist. In 1967, a separatist movement in the eastern Igbo region created the independent nation of Biafra. "The historiography of Islam in West Africa: an anthropologist's view. There are issues with the Taureg in the north and refugees from Ivory Coast in the south, but the country is quite stable politically in spite of the low standard of living and high population growth. Ancient Geography of West Africa. The country lacks natural resources and has few industries. Many of the freed slaves from the United States returned to Africa and relocated to Liberia. It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin, formerly called Dahomey. French and UN troops remain to help implement the peace process. ", "Caf have split the West African Football Union into two separate zones", "Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film producer – UN", "The Islamic World to 1600: The Fractured Caliphate and the Regional Dynasties (West Africa)", http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/304/, "Christianity 2018: More African Christians and Counting Martyrs", "WIPSEN EMPOWERS WOMEN…To fight for their rights", The Voyage of the Sieur Le Maire, to the Canary Islands, Cape-Verde, Senegal, and Gambia, ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development, List of countries where Arabic is an official language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Africa&oldid=1042918928#Geography_and_climate, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Oil exploration has begun and international oil corporations have garnered contracts for drilling. [51][52] In 2005, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ranked Nigeria as the state with the worst deforestation rate in the entire world. In 2000, British troops were employed to help evacuate foreign nationals and establish order. The continent of Africa borders the southern half of the Mediterranean Sea. This story also indicates that human nature is similar in societies throughout the world. This title was first published 2000: This text is intended to draw together two important developments in contemporary geography: firstly, the recognition of the need to write critical histories of geographical thought and, particularly, ... West Africa: Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics. occasional watering holes. 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