There are a number of worthwhile options for supporting these poverty pathways that will also have direct impacts on agricultural growth, although the opportunity cost of labour will be a critical determinant of the viability of interventions. Box 5.3 Critical Policy Changes for the Spread of Shallow Tubewells, Bangladesh. Such measures should be complemented by incentives for agroforestry, including fodder and commercial species, and community woodlots, for fuelwood and construction timber. This is worrying as agriculture engages more than 42 per cent of the country's workforce, feeds a population of more than 1.3 billion, supplies inputs to many industries, and is the source of income for the largest consumer segment of the country. In semiarid and subhumid areas water harvesting offers millions of poor people a pathway to water, food and economic security. Total system area is 65 million ha with an estimated 19 million ha - about 29 percent - under cultivation. In many countries in the region, the utilisation of inorganic fertiliser shows considerable scope for efficiency improvement. 46 Fan et al (2001) report higher rates of return for investment in roads and research in rainfed areas than in irrigated areas in India. The estimated agricultural population is seven million. The farming system is characterised by a `summer' (monsoon-season) wetland rice crop and a `winter' (cool, dry season) wheat crop - sometimes followed by a short `spring' vegetable crop) - see Box 5.7. A high proportion of the increase in foodgrain production during the Indian Green Revolution occurred in districts with good irrigation facilities and adequate local transport. A large proportion of population depends on agriculture for income, employment and food security. 40 Several technology packages have been successfully tested, including those from Pakribas and Lumle in Nepal, and also permaculture in Jajarkot, Nepal. Since industrial livestock production will boost output but not reduce poverty to any significant degree, the challenge will be to promote linkages - between industrial livestock production and smallholder livestock production - which benefit poor farmers. Commercial farmers may be exposed to declining terms of trade, especially for cereals in international markets. The above-mentioned coarse grains, pulses and oilseeds are grown on the upper parts of the landscape. This will involve participatory management or transfer of ownership to users, improved design of operating systems, better drainage and cost recovery. The South East Asia Agricultural Tractor Market is segmented by type into orchard tractors, Row-crop tractors, utility tractors, by Horsepower into less than 12 … Coastal land resources are also under pressure from the high population density along the coastline, and from the expansion of modern and capital intensive acquaculture enterprises. These systems may thus require a particular focus on market-related infrastructure development, such as access roads and market facilities. The … Therefore, adaptation measures are required to sustain agricultural productivity, to reduce vulnerability, and to enhance the resilience of the agricultural system to climate change. Due to geographical factors, this part of the world is especially susceptible to climate risks. South Asian countries are expected to continue a strong growth trajectory in coming years--up to 6.7% is projected by the World Bank in 2021. Of the total system population of 371 million, 226 million are classified as agricultural. Transforming agriculture in South Asia: The role of value chains and contract farming . To the northeast of Kathmandu, the production of fresh vegetables has expanded and the resulting cash income has led to increased input use on other crops. These included liberalisation of the import of engines, pumps and tubewell supplies (allowing full private sector participation) and abolition of STW siting restrictions (arising from recognition that the tapped groundwater was replenished annually). Agriculture can help reduce poverty for 75% of the world's poor, who live in rural areas and work mainly in farming. This is achieved through communal management of common resources, and group action to increase production through the acquisition of improved germplasm and inputs, plus better marketing41. In some areas, social cohesion is absent or very poorly developed -each family becoming increasingly a law unto itself, with none of the normal hierarchy of village councils or headmen. Similar rates of growth have been seen for small ruminants, which totalled 321 million in 2000. The development of markets is less important than in the Rice-Wheat Farming System. Machines play a critical role in intensifying land and labor productivity. The linkages between proper broad-based agricultural productivity growth and off-farm rural economic growth are well established48. Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb, Akbar Hossain and Md. Nitrogen losses from volatilisation, leaching and runoff could, therefore, remain constant or even diminish. The largest increases in livestock numbers and production have occurred in poultry. The Rice-Wheat Farming System covers 19 percent of the land in the region (see Box 5.6), and occupies a broad swathe of land from Northern Pakistan, through the Indo-Gangetic plain including the Terai of Nepal, and the Gangetic plain in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal, to finish in Northwest Bangladesh. Buffalo and cattle numbers have increased by an average of less than one percent per annum, and small ruminants by just over two percent, while dairy output has risen by over four percent. In this area new technology is being adopted slowly at best. Cultural factors strongly affect livestock production and consumption throughout the region. The South Asia region contains a population of 1344 million people2, more than one quarter of the population of the developing world. Openness to agricultural trade varies across South Asian countries, yet agricultural trade plays a crucial role in many countries of the region. Land ceilings have had some limited impact, but larger farmers have often found ways to maintain their holdings. Covid-19 has spurred a socioeconomic downturn that will have lasting impacts. [1800 -1900] To mention the agriculture of Asia during this time period, we should see the impact of colonisation of Asian countries during this period and colonial power's impact upon the state of agriculture (both in terms of production and distribution) in Asia at this stage. In Nepal a number of innovative interventions have been successfully tried out on a pilot scale. Significant improvements are also likely to result from the introduction of realistic water service charges. In addition, open access resource regimes need to be converted to managed common poverty situations, within an effective legal framework. Intensive pressure on land will limit the availability of fodder and lead to a decline in the population of buffaloes. Wheat yields average about 2.5 t/ha. However, in other parts of the system, higher financial benefits have been derived from the development and intensification of associated livestock, fisheries and homestead production systems than from intensification of rice production. One ox, one cow and several goats are raised, all of which depend upon herding on overgrazed communal grassland and forest. In order to make substantial progress in reducing poverty in this system, the following household strategies to escape poverty need to be supported (in order of importance): exit from agriculture; diversification; increased off-farm income; and intensification of existing production patterns. Over time, the system has expanded into areas where groundwater is not so easily accessible and because irrigation supply is unreliable, farmers have to transplant at the onset of the monsoon. The terms of trade for rice, wheat and other foodgrains have been declining and the ongoing opening of economies exposes farmers to these forces, especially in the intensive Rice and Rice-Wheat Farming Systems. Livestock are an important part of the farming system - which supports the largest share of cattle, sheep and goats in the region - and they usually provide the major part of the farm family's cash income, particularly through sales of adult animals or young stock, since most areas are too remote for commercial milk production. Wheat planting near Sangrur, South East Punjab, India. Key Takeaways. In most countries of the region forest departments have been slow to change their approach to forest management. The Rainfed Mixed Farming System covers nearly 30 percent of the land in the region (see Box 5.11), almost entirely within Central and Southern India, although there is a small area in Northern Sri Lanka. As labour costs rise, it is likely that irrigation water will increasingly be used to replace labour in land preparation and weed control in rice. By Justin Campbell . A combination of these practices can, in favourable circumstances, lead to highly productive and profitable integrated, intensive farming systems. There is increasing evidence suggesting that climate change will negatively impact agricultural production in South Asia. 41 As demonstrated in the FAO/UNDP Farm level Applied Resource Management Programme. The South Asia agriculture equipment market is projected to expand at an impressive CAGR of around 9% over the forecast period of 2021-2031. Water resources can be further developed through traditional means, such as construction or rehabilitation of tanks and tubewells, and improved water management. Efforts to regulate groundwater abstraction have had limited effect and with millions of private tubewell owners, the task of conventional regulation through licensing and monitoring has proved insurmountable. Draught buffalo power will be replaced by two-wheel tractors, which will also be widely used for local transportation. The system can easily incorporate many other forms of diversification, including the introduction of fruit trees or other cash crops in situations where land is owner occupied - but this would normally not be possible under sharecropping arrangements. Soil erosion in the highland and rainfed watersheds is widespread and is being aggravated by heavy grazing and the loss of nutrients from cropland. Line departments in most countries have already given up some of their functions to the private sector, and plan to hand-over other functions to empowered communities. Poverty is extensive and its severity increases markedly after droughts. Publication date 1984 Topics Local government, Agriculture and state, Agricultural productivity Publisher Berkeley : University of California Press Collection South Asia: South Asia Rising. The productivity of the Rice Farming System can be increased through intensification, although with a different emphasis to that of the earlier variety-chemical based intensification. Intensive, large-scale production to meet urban demand has already developed in most countries of the region. Components include: resource management groups for watershed management in hill and mountain areas; range management groups in pastoral areas; and policies to encourage effective common property resource management. By Eleanor Kingwell-Banham , Cameron A. Petrie , Dorian Q. Fuller. Later, it is expected that the number of sharecroppers and small farms will diminish. One high priority is to tackle the resource conservation issues; such as declining soil fertility, development of salinity and sodicity problems on irrigated land in western areas, and groundwater depletion in zones irrigated by tubewells. In the process, the status of natural resources and the watershed are improved, and village income can double. This scattered farming system comprises plantation companies and smallholders producing substantial areas of tea, rubber, coconuts and other tree crops. Today its geographic areas of focus include the states of Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana. The urban poor could experience rises in food prices, as happened in 2007–2008 while certain categories of urban dwellers, such as urban wage labourers, could be particularly vulnerable. It seems evident that high priority should be given to re-orienting forestry development policy, and to changing departmental regulations to facilitate the establishment of joint forest management systems. Road access has been a determining factor in permitting the expansion of milk production, but is of less importance for non-perishable products such as vegetable seed. The treatment of straw, using urea or other chemicals to increase its value to livestock, is likely to be adopted more widely. Of the 1.2 billion people worldwide living in dollar poverty, over 43 percent are found in South Asia. This process is most advanced in India and Pakistan, where GADP comprises 27 percent7 and 24.6 percent8 respectively of national GDP. Major products include cereals, legumes, tubers, vegetables, fodder, fodder trees, orchards and livestock. South Asia. The main source of reduction of hunger and poverty would be diversification to high value enterprises, including local processing. Democratically elected milk producer and distributor co-operative members are now in the majority on the Milk Vita Board of Directors. Natural resources will come under increased pressure, as a result of the growing demand for additional food and other agricultural produce to meet the needs of the expanding population. The Rice and Rice-Wheat Farming Systems together contain 40 percent of the cultivated land in the region and produce the bulk of the marketed foodgrains that feed the cities and urban areas of South Asia. A reduction of forest cover on the upper slopes, unimproved agriculture and continuous cultivation on steep slopes - often with thin or poor soils - have led to impoverishment of communities that now barely eke out an existence. The annual com-pound growth rate of agriculture was 3.7 per cent during 1990s as against 3.2 per cent in 1980s. South Asia. The South East Asia Agricultural Tractor Market is segmented by type into orchard tractors, Row-crop tractors, utility tractors, by Horsepower into less than 12 HP, 12 HP to 99 HP, 100 HP to 175 HP, above 175 HP. Other potentials lie in the field of animal reproduction; recycling technologies such as biogas49; and value added through new agro-processing technologies. It is becoming harder to feed the ever-increasing population in South Asia and achieving food security is still a challenge in many countries. Early agriculture in South Asia. Contributed papers presented at various seminars. Publisher(s): routledge. The germplasm banks held by the NARS and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), the latter under FAO custodianship, will be an important resource for public sector research and are also being utilised in private sector plant breeding efforts. South Asia is the region in the world, where most people are undernourished. For example, the need to maintain food prices within the reach of the increasing, politically articulate, urban population causes some governments to keep inter-harvest food prices artificially low by releasing stocks of grain as prices rise; thus adversely affecting farmgate prices. A new farm work visa will be offered to residents from 10 South-East Asian nations to help Australian farmers harvest their crops, but the the peak farm lobby says it will have to see it to . Of the total system population of 45 million, about 18 million are classified as agricultural. This growth is expected to continue in the period to 2030. Average for region weighted by agricultural populations of systems derived from Table 5.1. Published at 06:45 pm July 8th, 2021. Poor farmers operate extremely small areas, and rely on off-farm income for survival. Notably, their poverty reduction potential was also higher. The improvement in the information flow across the government-NGO interface is well documented28. In South Asia, more than ____ of the entire workforce is employed in agriculture. Agriculture of Asia By far the greater part of Asia remains uncultivated, primarily because climatic and soil conditions are unfavourable. Given the large number of expatriate South Asians living in the industrialised countries, and the popularity of regional cuisine, it is also to be expected that considerable growth will occur in processed foods. In South Asia, a region that hosts Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, etc, almost 60 percent of the entire population is involved in agriculture. Soil degradation is a critical issue in most of the farming systems of the region. They are described in more detail in the following sections. It is also likely to be reflected in an improved asset position on farms; more mechanisation, and also an increase in the area of land per operator. The implementation of these programmes is rendered difficult by the inadequate state of land records in some areas. A number of successful participatory, community-based pilot watershed management projects in the Rainfed Mixed and Highland Mixed Farming Systems have provided the methodology and experience to improve the management of the large number of critical watersheds in the region51. In some countries the active participation of women in these practices will also be a challenge. However, access by poor households to land, water and forest resources will be a critical issue. Agricultural development in many other areas of the region, however, has been constrained by a lack of infrastructure. Since the demand for pumps far exceeded the supply, pump operators made fertiliser application a condition for access to irrigated water supply. The system has a significant level of crop-livestock integration, with an estimated 119 million bovines which produce draft power and milk, as well as manure for composting. Poverty is moderate and largely confined to agricultural workers. This can only be countered in the long run by using more efficient production practices, thereby increasing the comparative and competitive advantage of local rice production. The proportion of the total population living in cities (presently 28 percent14) has increased markedly over the last four decades and is expected to continue to expand, reaching 53 percent in 2030. Image of woman with the potato harvest in Himachal Pradesh, India. Depletion of water tables by indiscriminate sinking of tubewells has also been encouraged by these same subsidies, as well as by the absence of appropriate monitoring and regulatory mechanisms. Consequently, all too often, wheat is sown late, thereby depressing yield as high temperatures affect the plants while they are setting seed. In the past, this has generally entailed improving the availability of water for drinking and irrigation by repairing existing tanks, improving diversion works from streams and increasing the scale of water harvesting, as well as acquiring more low-lift pumps and tubewells. There will be increasing levels of mechanisation, especially for primary tillage, which is already noticeable in the Pakistan Punjab where most draught oxen have disappeared. The enhanced role of farmers and the private sector in advisory services will tend to improve the relevance of extension messages. In agro-ecological terms4, 20 percent of the region's land consists of steeply sloping hills and mountains containing only five percent of the total population. Despite improvements in national food security over the last three decades, benefits have not yet reached the entire population of the region and FAO estimates that 254 million people are still undernourished. km: … These could form some of the elements in a strategy to deal with the severe challenges of the Highland Mixed Farming System viz. Returns from past agricultural research in the region (e.g. There are many minor products that also generate income for poor households through the market; of which dried manure cakes and fodder are two important examples. However, in more accessible areas, such as the central highlands of Sri Lanka, the opportunity for successful vegetable production, particularly potatoes, can result in a highly intensive system of commercial production. Agriculture in South Asia is vulnerable to climate change. Generally, ruminant livestock are an important part of the system as they provide draught power, milk, manure and cash income. 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