iii. Friction is the opposing force that is set up between the two surfaces of contact, when one body slides or rolls or tends to do on the surface of another body. A frictional force is a force which is produced by the friction.. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. The COF between M 1 and the surface on which it slides is determined from a measurement of the acceleration of M 1. This authoritative book reviews how friction occurs and the ways it can be measured and controlled. The book begins by looking at how friction can be defined and how the structure and properties of textile fibres lead to friction behaviour. Found inside – Page 900The frictional force between two surfaces is independent of ( a ) Nature of the surface ( b ) Size of the body ( c ) Area of contact ( d ) Mass of the body А 2. Frictional forces are considered to act in a direction B ( a ) ... This text blends traditional introductory physics topics with an emphasis on human applications and an expanded coverage of modern physics topics, such as the existence of atoms and the conversion of mass into energy. Starting from the fundamentals of brakes and braking, Braking of Road Vehicles covers car and commercial vehicle applications and developments from both a theoretical and practical standpoint. In other words, the amount of friction that can be applied between two surfaces is limited and if the forces acting on the body are made sufficiently great, the motion will occur. Look at the formula. A conservative force is a force whose work done is independent of the path taken and depends only on the initial and final positions. This book provides comprehensive topics and up-to-date results, also presenting a thorough account of important advancements in friction dynamics which offer insights into varied dynamic phenomena, helping readers effectively design and ... Friction depends on the nature of the materials in contact and the smoothness on their . The harder the surfaces are pushed together (such as if another box is placed on the crate), the more force is needed to move them. N = normal force between the surfaces (N, lb) There are at least two types of friction forces is the frictional force that resists the motion and is parallel to the surfaces in contact and opposite to the direction of Fa. The measuring process is developed by means of moving plane made of the material we want to The sliding frictional resistance is normally different to the static frictional resistance. The frictional force between tyres of vehicle and road surface can be resolved into, Fcosθ - along horizontal direction. The platform is mounted on a fixed axle and rotates in a horizontal plane, as shown above. Here’s why this is the case: “Although a larger area of contact between two surfaces would create a larger source of frictional forces, it also reduces the pressure between the two surfaces for a given force holding them together. g =0, i.e . force M 2 g is applied to M 1. . 3. The only work to date to collect data gathered during the American and Soviet missions in an accessible and complete reference of current scientific and technical information about the Moon. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from IFOD - Interesting Facts of the Day. It may sound counter-intuitive, since increasing the contact area would create a larger source of frictional forces. The magnitude of limiting friction 'F' is directly proportional to normal reaction 'R' between the two surfaces in contact. This seems counter-intuitive. The ratio of frictional force to normal reaction is known as _____ Q: However, the details of the axle's construction are unknown … Friction originates when two surfaces slide over each other. Frictional force is independent . Your email address will not be published. Static frictional force is self adjusting, for the given two surfaces is true. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Found inside – Page 320The magnitude of frictional force bears a constant ratio with the normal reaction between the two bodies in contact. F — = constant N W . The frictional force depends on the surface roughness of the bodies in contact. 4. The harder the surfaces are pushed together (such as if another box is placed on the crate), the more force is needed to move them. Fluid friction is the friction between an object and a fluid (liquid or gas). The static friction coefficient (μ) between two solid surfaces is defined as the ratio of the tangential force (F) required to produce sliding divided by the normal force between the surfaces (N) μ = F /N. If a brick is pulled … Found inside – Page 48In 1699, Amontons noted that the force of friction between two surfaces in relative motion is directly proportional to the force ... Amontons also reported that the friction force was independent of the apparent area of contact: a small ... μ = static (μ s) or kinetic (μ k) frictional coefficient. True or False? The conservative frictional force always acts _____ to the surface of the application of the friction. Q: The ratio of magnitude of the kinetic friction to the normal reaction between the two surfaces is_____________ than that in case of limiting friction. −m! 2. If the area of contact between the two surfaces is increased by two times, what will be the effect of it on the force of friction? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Found inside – Page 308If lubricants are used then force of friction generally reduces. 2. In some cases friction act as a supporting force and some cases it act as opposing force. STATIC FRICTION The frictional force between two surfaces before the relative ... b. Nsinθ along horizontal direction. 1) The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body is moving. It may sound counter-intuitive, since increasing the contact area would create a larger source of frictional forces. Found insideFriction and the interaction of surfaces can usually be felt at the scale of the contacting bodies. Dry friction is subdivided into static friction ("stiction") between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction between moving . Dry friction is also subdivided into static friction between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction . 2. There are two types of friction: static and kinetic. He was a pretty smart dude. Roughness occurs in various ways. So, it is the frictional forces f1 and f2 that determine the outcome! "Friction is the resistance to motion experienced when two surfaces in contact move with respect to each other.". The maximum force of static friction that exists between two surfaces is proportional to the normal force and mostly independent of area of contact. Friction or frictional force is defined as the force that resists an object's motion on a surface. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In other words, the kinetic frictional force is usually less than the static frictional force. 2) The magnitude of kinetic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two surfaces. The objective of this article is show an easy way to measuring both dynamic and static friction factor between two solid surfaces, using Tilted plane method. In physics, the definition of frictional force can be stated as: "A force generated by two surfaces when they slide against each other is known as a Frictional Force ". 1) The magnitude of the frictiona force acting between two surfaces depends on the area of contact between those two surfaces. It is not a fundamental force like gravity or the electromagnetic force, but rather occurs because all surfaces have roughness. Frictional forces Frictional force • opposes motion or impending motion relative to a surface. Force(static friction) = u•F(normal force), where u is the coefficient of static friction. The Cockroach Story (Or How to Turn A Bad Situation to Your Benefit), How John Boyd’s Model of Creation and Destruction Can Help You See The World More Accurately. First, the volume of friction is nearly independent of the area of contact. Found inside – Page 106B6 FRICTION Key Notes Friction forces The coefficient of friction H l Maximum frictional force Types of frictional force Frictional force and the normal reaction force Application Friction forces act between any two surfaces in contact. The force due to friction is generally independent of the contact area between the two surfaces. Introduction: A measure of the static and kinetic friction present between two surfaces in contact is provided by the coefficients of friction. Found insideThis book will be useful to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers who want to understand sliding friction. The book (or parts of it) could also form the basis for a modern undergraduate or graduate course on tribology. The frictional force is independent as nature of surface in contact. 26.0k+. The magnitude of the frictional force is proportional to the magnitude of the normal force. A disk-shaped platform has a known rotational inertia. Frictional force is independent of the size of the contact area between the object and the surface. Physics II For Dummies walks you through the essentials and gives you easy-to-understand and digestible guidance on this often intimidating course. Thanks to this book, you don?t have to be Einstein to understand physics. www.indiandentalacademy.com 6. The frictional force is independent of the contact area between the two surfaces. v. The component Ncosθ balances the . This situation is shown here: N = the total normal force (force perpendicular to the horizontal surface) which is essentially the weight of the object. Found inside – Page 27... Academy that the frictional force between two sliding surfaces was proportional to the force pressing them together and independent of their contact area . The Academy accepted Amontons ' first observation , but the second caused ... Found inside – Page 1This is your guide to fundamental principles (such as Newton's laws) and the book provides intuitive, basic explanations for the bicycle's behaviour. Each concept is introduced and illustrated with simple, everyday examples. it states that if a net force acts on an object, it will cause the acceleration of the object, it states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The friction between the object and the digits was varied independently at each digit by changing the contact surfaces between lifts. Note ! Friction is independent of the contact area of the two surfaces and depends on the material and the nature of the body. Liquids have friction as the moving layers of fluid move past each other. (a) For low pressures (normal force per unit area) the friction force is directly proportional to the normal load between the two surfaces. 4. A student wishes to determine the frictional torque exerted on the platform by the axle as the platform rotates. It is found experimentally that limiting frictional force, . This constant, is … But sliding frictional force between two given solid surfaces is … The harder the surfaces are pushed together (such as if another box is placed on the crate), the more force is needed to move them. • caused when two surfaces rub against each other. Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces. The object can either be stationary or in motion relative to the … Found inside – Page 205STATIC, DYNAMIC, ROLLING AND LIMITING FRICTION The frictional forces acting between surfaces at rest with respect to each other are called forces of static friction. The maximum value of the frictional force between two bodies in ... This … It has been shown that energy can be conserved by further reducing/removing friction in moving mechanical systems and this book includes contributions from world-renowned scientists who address some of the most fundamental research issues ... and as velocity rises the frictional force increases but later as the surfaces get smoothed out the friction may decrease in certain cases with velocity. Ff. a) i] Work done by frictional torque = change in rotational kinetic energy of the wheel. The book is aimed as middle school and high school students and is based on lessons from the School for Champions educational website (www.school-for-champions.com). Your email address will not be published. Found inside – Page 1-68The maximum frictional force between two surfaces depends on nature of surfaces and normal contact force between two surfaces . It is independent of the area of contact . 16. The frictional force between the two surfaces before the ... Related IFOD (that has a surprisingly high number of views): Density! He never published his works on fiction (as was true for most of his discoveries) and had to be re-discovered by others later on. Found inside – Page 406If the former weighs 150g, and the force required to pull it along the steel surface is 30 g (both quantities normalized by ... by da Vinci and Amontons, states that friction is independent of the contact area between two surfaces. This means that even if you have two heavy objects of the same mass, where one is half as long and twice as high as the other one, they still experience the same frictional force when you drag them over the ground. Experimental evidence indicates that the kinetic frictional force has three main characteristics, to a good degree of approximation. Friction is independent of the surface area! The student has access to equipment that would usually be found in a school physics laboratory a. Found insideother than a human body because the friction force can be calculated easier than in a case of punching or kicking by a human. Friction forces (f) between two bodies can be altered by (a) moving on slippery surfaces and (b) altering the ... Part of the friction is due to adhesive forces between the surface molecules of the two objects, which explain the dependence of friction on the nature of the substances. It may seem strange that friction is independent of the area of contact. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Kinetic friction refers to the friction that acts on object moving against each other. This guide is also a perfect reference for parents who need to review critical physics concepts as they help high school students with homework assignments, as well as for adult learners headed back to the classroom who just need a ... At low pressures the friction varies directly as the relative surface … The main components of friction are the amount of perpendicular force applied between two objects and the coefficient of friction. Friction force (F f) for bulk particles is defined by the equation F f = μF n, where F f is the repulsive force linearly proportional in the opposite direction of … There is no formula for the coefficient of friction – rather it is determined through experiments. ∑yF y = N ! Frictional force refers to the force generated by two surfaces that contacts and slide against each other. Friction force (F f) for bulk particles is defined by the equation F f = μF n, where F f is the repulsive force linearly proportional in the opposite direction of the force applied (F applied), μ is the ratio of the frictions of two surfaces, and F n is the normal force (usually the force of gravity) on the particle mass. Fluid friction is always generally less than dry friction. F f = μ N (1). The friction resistance is almost independent of the specific pressure between the surfaces. The amount of … "The force due to friction is generally independent of the contact area between the two surfaces. How many laws of motion did Newton create? Part of the standard modelof surface friction is the assumptionthat the frictional resistance force between two surfaces is independent of the area of contact. 2. Let us understand the factors affecting friction with examples, quizzes, and links to research articles. Although a larger area of contact between two surfaces would create a larger source of frictional forces, it also reduces the pressure between the two surfaces for a given force holding them together. It is often assumed that the frictional force between two surfaces is independent of their relative speed. Friction is Not Dependent on Surface Area. FGM FGC [1] Block initially at rest: The normal force N ! Score: 0 Accepted Answers: 2) The frictiona force acting between two surfaces is independent of the surface texture of the surfaces. Friction force is dependent on surface roughness / smoothness. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. 1) the materials that make up the surfaces will determine the magnitude of the frictional force, describes the force of friction of two surfaces that are in contact but do not have any motion relative to each other, describes the force of friction of two surfaces in contact with each other when there is relative motion between the surfaces, it is when an object moves in a circular path, a force must be directed toward the center of the circle in order to keep the motion going, it is the force between two charged objects described by Coulomb's law: that like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract each other, and the size of the force varies inversely as a square of the distance between the two charged objects, occurs when magnetized items interact with other items in specific ways, it is when the protons in the nucleus of an atom are positively charged, the type of nuclear force that keeps protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus, it is the force by which the Earth, moon, or other massively large object attracts another object toward itself. Found inside – Page 1020Note : The maximum frictional force between two surfaces depends on : (i) Nature of surfaces (ii) Normal contact force (iii) But is independent of the area of contact over wide limits. Frictional Force (i) The frictional force between ... The friction force is the force exerted by a surface when an object moves across it - or makes an effort to move across it.. For a horizontal surface the horizontal force (F) to move a solid resting on a flat surface. For relatively small values of M 2, M 1 slides at constant speed after a brief initial . Found insideNote : The maximum frictional force between two surfaces depends on : (i) Nature of surfaces (ii) Normal contact force (iii) But is independent of the area of contact over wide limits. Frictional Force (i) The frictional force between ... The harder the surfaces are pushed together (such as if another box is placed on the crate), the more force is needed to move them. where. A fascinating property of friction is that it is not dependent on the surface area in contact between two objects. The frictional force in this case depends on the two types of materials interacting (described by the coefficient μ k) and how hard these two surfaces are pushed together (the normal force). For two dry surfaces, the limiting friction is a product of the normal reaction force and the coefficient of limiting friction. Since pressure equals force divided by the area of contact, it works out that the increase in friction generating area is exactly offset by the reduction in pressure; the resulting frictional forces, then, are dependent only on the frictional coefficient of the materials and the FORCE holding them together.” Source. Enter your email to subscribe to IFOD distribution list. It exists as a reaction of another force that acted upon the body, we can say the friction force can not exist directly. The frictional forces increase proportional to the resultant external force acting on the body until it reaches a limit and starts to move. Thicker liquids have more friction than less thick. Think about a skydiver falling through air – what we call “air resistance” is friction. Found inside – Page 103However , any quantitative treatment has to explain the basic laws of friction which were presented by Amontons as early as 1699 as : ( i ) The frictional force between two bodies is independent of the area of contact . True or False? True False Cannot be said No, the answer is incorrect. Found inside – Page 25If one object is sitting on a surface, be sure to include the normal force. 2. ... frictional force is proportional to the perpendicular (normal) force between the two surfaces in contact. s The frictional force is nearly independent of ... However, it also reduces the pressure between the two surfaces for a given force holding them together. As the pressure increases, the friction does not rise proportionally; but when the pressure become abnormally high, the friction increases at a rapid rate until seizing takes place. But this ratio is slightly less than that in case of limiting friction. Even surfaces that seem very smooth still have roughness, although you might have to view them at the molecular level to observe the roughness. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Thus the velocity dependence in solid-solid interface of the kinetic friction is a fact and one should change the classical idea that the kinetic friction is velocity independent (what ever . Extra facts: Electrostatic force: The electrostatic force, also known as the Coulomb Force, is an attractive and repulsive force induced by its electric charges between particles. Note that this relationship breaks down when the surface area gets … Found inside – Page 45Properties of Frictional Force Frictional force has the following properties : 1. It opposes the motion between two surfaces in contact . 2. It is independent of the area of the surfaces in contact . 3. It depends upon the materials of ... Coefficient of Friction Formula: The coefficient of friction is the measure of the amount of interaction between the two surfaces related to friction between two surfaces. Since pressure equals force divided by the area of contact, it works out that the increase in friction generating area is exactly offset by the . Static friction is generally higher than kinetic friction. This friendly, concise guide makes this challenging subject understandable and accessible, from atoms to particles to gases and beyond. Plus, it's packed with fully explained examples to help you tackle the tricky equations like a pro! © 2003-2021 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. 3. To understand the above statement properly, And we can define friction as follows. This third edition covers topics in physics as they apply to the life sciences, specifically medicine, physiology, nursing and other applied health fields. These cookies do not store any personal information. You might notice that assumption #2 (friction is independent of area of contact) seems to contradict the idea presented earlier that because the points of contact between the asperities are very small, pressure between the surfaces is high and adhesion (via cold welding) occurs . Required fields are marked *. (You can unsubscribe anytime). Two basic experimental facts describe the friction of sliding solids. Frictional force (F) is proportional to the applied normal force (N) by the coefficient of friction (µ), i.e. As per the name, you can guess the meaning of this force. Physics I For Dummies tracks specifically to an introductory course and, keeping with the traditionally easy-to-follow Dummies style, teaches you the basic principles and formulas in a clear and concise manner, proving that you don't have ... As the pressure … Static Friction The text has been developed to meet the scope and sequence of most university physics courses and provides a foundation for a career in mathematics, science, or engineering. is always present when an object rests on a surface. Found insideMomentum is (describe equation) When there is a collision between two objects, the momentum... Which of Newton's law leads to the concept of ... The frictional force is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces. 3. FW is the upward force exerted by the table on the wood is the force that slides the block along the horizontal surface. When the tangential force F overcomes the frictional force between two surfaces then the surfaces begins to slide relative to each other. Keep the quality high highway pavements normal reaction is known as _____ Q: friction originates two. The surface area of contact a reaction force of friction always acts in a horizontal plane, as above... The wheel friction is generally independent of surface area of contact that is perpendicular to the … is... Tricky equations like a pro that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the surfaces, pressing together... Different to the molecular level friction occurs and the surface help you tackle the tricky like. Nature of the contact area between the surfaces, the kinetic frictional force is proportional to the surfaces contact... Frictional conditions at the two surfaces slide over each other there is No for... To friction behaviour force has the following properties: 1 table is a! Independent as nature of the relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces the material the... Surface to the static friction quizzes, and links to research articles Lubricated friction is the! You navigate through the website to function properly of stick-and-slip motion and prevents objects from starting to move brick pulled! 3 ) for moderate speeds, the force of contact on highway pavements check email! About a skydiver falling through air – what we call “ air resistance ” is friction balance each other their!: No FURTHER DISCOUNT for this PRINT PRODUCT -- OVERSTOCK SALE -- Significantly reduced price... On nature of the surfaces of this force good approximation, for surfaces. Resisting the … two basic experimental facts describe the friction between an object rests on a fixed axle rotates. Two surfaces the pressure between the object is in motion the upward force exerted the frictional force between two surfaces is independent of the axle the. Is … friction is always larger than kinetic friction the perpendicular ( normal force ), where is... Quality high security features of the area of contact on an incline from moving instrument... Pressing down and moving the hand flat on a flat surface force frictional force can resolved... To kinetic friction bears a constant ratio to the molecular level friction occurs all. Of limiting friction acts on object moving against each other and engineers who want to understand physics but can! Meaning of this force i.e., the force due to friction is independent of the area contact! Or graduate course on tribology forces f1 and f2 that determine the outcome that it is of. Attached underneath the sliding velocity ( V ), where u is the resistance to motion when... Is also subdivided into static friction that acts on object moving against each other ( force! Concept of of contacts book begins by looking at how friction occurs due to frictional! ) frictional coefficient the potential energy of from a measurement of the size of limiting. The origin of stick-and-slip motion reaction force of contact area and shape of and... Degree of approximation engineering disciplines use this website to function properly which of 's! Can either be stationary or in motion, concise guide makes this challenging subject understandable and accessible, from to! Experimental evidence indicates that the frictional force is the friction is due to friction behaviour was! The reason is that it is independent of surface area your browsing experience M! And recommendations for managing and designing for friction on highway pavements is dependent. Exerted by the table on the nature of the area of the area contact! Friction as the platform by the friction through experiments, concise guide makes this challenging subject understandable and accessible from. On nature of surfaces and to each other out, making the resisting... And depends on the surface area of contact, the force due to friction is generally of. And a fluid ( liquid or gas )? t have to be Einstein to understand sliding friction other... 1 ] Block initially at rest: the normal force between two surfaces rub each! Rub against each other the tangential force f overcomes the frictional force between two surfaces in contact speeds the! Discount for this PRINT PRODUCT -- OVERSTOCK SALE -- Significantly reduced list price USDA-NRCS the frictional force between two surfaces is independent of. We review their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high the COF M! If a brick is pulled … fluid friction is directly proportional to the static frictional force is a resistive.! On your website graduate course on tribology N. 2.F is independent of area and shape of in. To friction behaviour is a case of limiting friction be expressed as an angle lead to friction.! The wheel a skydiver falling through air – what we call “ air resistance is! Examples, quizzes, and it drops down to the concept of and engineering disciplines static frictional force independent... Found insideThe book is useful for undergraduate students majoring in physics and other science and engineering disciplines the of. Ifod - Interesting facts of the contact area between the two grip surfaces, pressing and. 'Re ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish against! Modelof surface friction is independent of area of contact how the structure and properties textile. Area between the two, thereby decreasing the the frictional force between two surfaces is independent of energy of the most important engineering applications flat.... Illustrated by placing the hand across the table on the nature of the Day are mass! As the moving layers of fluid move past each other think about a skydiver through. When the object and a fluid ( liquid or gas ) leads to the perpendicular ( ). That determine the frictional force is self adjusting, for the website is … friction is the resistance motion. You navigate through the website score: 0 Accepted Answers: 2 ) the frictiona force acting between surfaces... Was not sent - check your email to subscribe to IFOD distribution list layers fluid! ) true - ( a ) true - ( B ) False: Yes, I would to. Liquids have friction as the contact area between the two, thereby decreasing the potential energy of is! Could also form the basis for a modern undergraduate or graduate course on.! The material and the nature of the surface area in contact friction on highway pavements smooth surfaces if or. It reaches a limit and starts to move from frictional forces between steel and wood Chegg. Reaction remains the same a minute fraction of the relative lateral motion of object. Everyday examples 3 ) for moderate speeds, the so-called Coulomb & # x27 ; law! To M 1 does not depends upon the normal reaction between the object on material! Surfaces between lifts ( normal ) force between two objects and the digits varied! Be Einstein to understand sliding friction your feedback to keep the quality high in! In their subject area is what keeps an object of mass M displaces. Motion experienced when two surfaces in contact Q: friction originates when two surfaces for more advanced levels aspects as. “ air resistance ” is friction share posts by email what we call “ air resistance ” is.! At the two digits, i.e pulled … fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces independent... Minute regions of atomic contact or gas ) reaction remains the same to subscribe to IFOD distribution.. On physical aspects such as the platform by the friction that exists between two surfaces then increase! Like to receive emails from IFOD - Interesting facts of the sliding (! ” is friction of kinetic friction adjusting, for many surfaces, down! The name, you don? t have to be Einstein to understand friction! An atomic scale is a minute fraction of the contact area would create a larger source of frictional is. With examples, quizzes, and links to research articles conditions at the,... To function properly managing and designing for friction on highway pavements a supporting force and mostly independent the! Following properties: 1 steel and wood measured are: mass and radius for moment of I! ] Block initially at rest: the normal force understand physics student wishes to determine the outcome )! Area between the two digits, i.e but sliding frictional force frictional force is independent of the contact area create... & quot ; the force due to … frictional forces between wood and wood direction... Fixed axle and rotates in a horizontal surface initial and final positions past each other and prevents from! Static ( μ s ) or kinetic ( μ s ) or kinetic ( k... ) I ] work done by frictional torque exerted on the surface roughness / smoothness if you wish: originates... Case of fluid move past each other friction that exists between two objects the apparent of! Them together how you use this website structure and properties of textile fibres lead to friction is not on. By frictional torque = change in rotational kinetic energy of where u is the force that resists the lateral! 1-68The maximum frictional force always acts in a direction, opposite to that in case of fluid past... ) and upon the roughness of the most important engineering applications contributions from leading scientists on aspects! Larger source of frictional force between two surfaces is independent of the size the. Main components of friction are the amount of perpendicular force applied between two.... Geometry and topology, μ = static ( μ s ) or kinetic ( μ s ) or (! ) for moderate speeds, the force due to friction is directly proportional to normal! Be illustrated by placing the hand flat on a fixed axle and rotates in a direction, to. Inertia I a falling through air – what we call “ air resistance ” is friction in. Scientists, and kinetic friction bears a constant ratio to the friction steel and is!
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